放腹水时有哪些注意事项?

2018-10-08 马文倩 医学之声

腹水是腹腔内游离液体的过量累积,正常腹腔内有少量液体,一般不超过200ml,任何病理状态下导致腹腔内液体量超过200ml即为腹水。腹水病因多样,常见病因有肝脏及门脉系统疾病、心血管系统疾病、肾脏疾病、腹膜疾病、恶性肿瘤等。

放腹水有哪些注意事项?

第一步,什么是腹水?

腹水是腹腔内游离液体的过量累积,正常腹腔内有少量液体,一般不超过200ml,任何病理状态下导致腹腔内液体量超过200ml即为腹水。腹水病因多样,常见病因有肝脏及门脉系统疾病、血管系统疾病、肾脏疾病、腹膜疾病、恶性肿瘤等。

本文以肝硬化患者为例。肝硬化患者出现腹水机制:

①门静脉高压;

②RASS系统活性增强;

③低蛋白血症;

④淋巴回流受阻;

⑤其他血管活性物质分泌增多或活性增强。[1]

第二步,对于肝硬化患者,放腹水时有哪些注意事项?

对于肝硬化腹水患者,腹穿放腹水仍是快速、有效缓解患者腹胀的方法[2]。大量腹腔穿刺放液后的常见并发症是低血容量、肾损伤及大量放腹水后循环功能障碍,甚至可出现肝性脑病。主要原因在于放腹水后,腹腔内压力骤降,腹腔内血管扩张,腹腔内血流增加,脑部血管血流减少。因此,放腹水时速度不宜过快,应在放完腹水后予加压腹部(如在腹部系上腹带),使腹压不至于骤降。

第三步,什么是肝性脑病?

肝性脑病是一种由于急、慢性肝功能严重障碍或各种门静脉- 体循环分流(以下简称门- 体分流)异常所致的,以代谢紊乱为基础的、轻重程度不同的神经精神异常综合征。轻微型肝性脑病(minimalhepatic encephalopathy,MHE)常无明显临床症状,只有通过神经心理测试才能发现。绝大多数肝硬化患者在病程中的某些阶段会出现不同程度的轻微型肝性脑病和(或)肝性脑病,是严重肝病常见的并发症及死亡原因之一。[3]

第四步,肝性脑病常见机制?

①氨中毒学说;

②假神经递质;

③γ- 氨基丁酸神经递质与假性神经递质学说

④锰中毒;

⑤色氨酸等。

目前关于肝性脑病发生机制普遍接受的是氨中毒学说,无论哪种学说最终结局都会引起抑制性神经递质增加,对中枢产生抑制效应,引起昏迷。



第五步,肝性脑病常见诱因有哪些?

①大量放腹水;

②低血容量或过度使用利尿剂;

③使用镇静催眠药;

消化道出血;

⑤低钾性碱中毒;

感染

⑦便秘。

第六步,肝性脑病如何治疗?

①去除诱因;

②营养支持治疗;

③乳果糖:治疗肝性脑病的常用剂量是每次口服15 ~ 30 ml,2 ~ 3 次/ 天,以每天产生2 ~ 3 次,pH < 6 的软便为宜(根据2013年中国肝性脑病诊治共识意见推荐);

肠道非吸收抗生素:如利福昔明,推荐用量400 mg/ 次,每8 小时口服1 次。

⑤门冬氨酸- 鸟氨酸;

⑥支链氨基酸;

⑦微生态制剂。

原始出处:

[1].徐小元,丁惠国,李文刚,等.肝硬化腹水及相关并发症的诊疗指南(2017,北京)[J].中华肠内镜电子杂志,2018,5(01):1-17.

[2]. Gaetano JN,Micic D,Aronsohn A,et al.The benefit of paracentesis on hospitalized adults with cirrhosis and ascites[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016,31( 5) : 1025-1030.

[3].中国肝性脑病诊治共识意见(2013年,重庆)[J].中国医学前沿杂志(电子版),2014,6(02):81-93.

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906747, encodeId=90921906e4732, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6440650062f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#注意事项#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65006, encryptionId=6440650062f, topicName=注意事项)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e6ac207, createdName=xlwang2691, createdTime=Mon Jan 07 02:44:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348960, encodeId=454d34896065, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Fri Oct 12 00:57:02 CST 2018, time=2018-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348738, encodeId=d462348e3892, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160304/IMG56D94856B1B5D6405.jpg, createdBy=27931687771, createdName=一个字-牛, createdTime=Wed Oct 10 09:21:55 CST 2018, time=2018-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348590, encodeId=f2ff348590fb, content=嗯嗯,好好学习。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Tue Oct 09 08:24:12 CST 2018, time=2018-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348575, encodeId=390e3485e510, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Tue Oct 09 07:10:07 CST 2018, time=2018-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348562, encodeId=a879348562f3, content=学习了很不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Tue Oct 09 05:36:47 CST 2018, time=2018-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-12 smartxiuxiu

    实用

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906747, encodeId=90921906e4732, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6440650062f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#注意事项#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65006, encryptionId=6440650062f, topicName=注意事项)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e6ac207, createdName=xlwang2691, createdTime=Mon Jan 07 02:44:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348960, encodeId=454d34896065, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Fri Oct 12 00:57:02 CST 2018, time=2018-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348738, encodeId=d462348e3892, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160304/IMG56D94856B1B5D6405.jpg, createdBy=27931687771, createdName=一个字-牛, createdTime=Wed Oct 10 09:21:55 CST 2018, time=2018-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348590, encodeId=f2ff348590fb, content=嗯嗯,好好学习。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Tue Oct 09 08:24:12 CST 2018, time=2018-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348575, encodeId=390e3485e510, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Tue Oct 09 07:10:07 CST 2018, time=2018-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348562, encodeId=a879348562f3, content=学习了很不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Tue Oct 09 05:36:47 CST 2018, time=2018-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-10 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906747, encodeId=90921906e4732, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6440650062f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#注意事项#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65006, encryptionId=6440650062f, topicName=注意事项)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e6ac207, createdName=xlwang2691, createdTime=Mon Jan 07 02:44:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348960, encodeId=454d34896065, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Fri Oct 12 00:57:02 CST 2018, time=2018-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348738, encodeId=d462348e3892, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160304/IMG56D94856B1B5D6405.jpg, createdBy=27931687771, createdName=一个字-牛, createdTime=Wed Oct 10 09:21:55 CST 2018, time=2018-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348590, encodeId=f2ff348590fb, content=嗯嗯,好好学习。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/16/3b24606172648eea459125cb74754afe.jpg, createdBy=6c022216608, createdName=liumin1987, createdTime=Tue Oct 09 08:24:12 CST 2018, time=2018-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348575, encodeId=390e3485e510, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Tue Oct 09 07:10:07 CST 2018, time=2018-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348562, encodeId=a879348562f3, content=学习了很不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Tue Oct 09 05:36:47 CST 2018, time=2018-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-09 liumin1987

    嗯嗯,好好学习。

    0

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    2018-10-09 明月清辉

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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    2018-10-09 飛歌

    学习了很不错

    0

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