NEJM:循环游离DNA分析在癌症治疗中的应用

2018-11-21 李皓静 肿瘤资讯

组织活检是肿瘤诊断的金标准,也是分子检测的主要方法,可用于指导治疗决策。液体活检,特别是来自血浆的游离循环DNA(cfDNA)检测,正迅速成为标准肿瘤活检的重要微创辅助手段,甚至可能是一种潜在替代方法。Ryan B. Corcoran发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》的一篇综述,详细汇总分析了cfDNA分析在肿瘤患者中的目前在临床应用情况、瓶颈以及前景。液体活检简介尽管液体活检中最为人熟知的就是外周血

组织活检是肿瘤诊断的金标准,也是分子检测的主要方法,可用于指导治疗决策。液体活检,特别是来自血浆的游离循环DNA(cfDNA)检测,正迅速成为标准肿瘤活检的重要微创辅助手段,甚至可能是一种潜在替代方法。Ryan B. Corcoran发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》的一篇综述,详细汇总分析了cfDNA分析在肿瘤患者中的目前在临床应用情况、瓶颈以及前景。

液体活检简介

尽管液体活检中最为人熟知的就是外周血cfDNA分析,但这一概念事实上还包括从血液或其他体液中分离和分析肿瘤释放物质(如DNA、RNA,甚至完整细胞)。利用专门的技术,可以从正常血细胞的背景中检测和分离循环肿瘤细胞,进一步行分子分析,甚可在免疫抑制的小鼠中植入、培养这些细胞。此外,肿瘤细胞释放的外泌体也包含肿瘤特异性蛋白质和核酸,包括游离RNA(比DNA稳定性低)和cfDNA。血液不是唯一可用于液体活检的体液。尿液、粪便、脑脊液(CSF)、唾液、胸腔和腹腔积液都是cfDNA的潜在来源,上述部位的cfDNA分析可能适用于特定癌症类型。



图1. 液体活检方式总览 

cfDNA是指在血液的非细胞成分中发现的片段化DNA,cfDNA在细胞凋亡或坏死后释放到血液中,并通常以长度约为150-200个碱基对的链状片段存在。cfDNA可从循环中快速清除,半衰期不足1小时。来自正常细胞的cfDNA在健康人的血浆中以低水平存在(平均约10-15 ng/ml),在组织应激条件下(运动,炎症,手术或组织损伤)可出现升高。肿瘤患者的cfDNA总体水平高于非肿瘤患者,循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)为整体cfDNA的一部分。不同个体中cfDNA中ctDNA的比例不尽相同,从不到0.1%到超过90%不等。ctDNA的比例趋于平行于个体的肿瘤负荷。由于肿瘤释放的cfDNA的水平低,半衰期短,稳定性低,且正常血细胞裂解也可能释放一定量的cfDNA导致DNA污染,需要采血时将血浆离心并在1-4小时内分离。含有固定剂的专用cfDNA收集管可以稳定cfDNA和完整细胞,保证其在室温下储存7至14天,便于运输、存储和集中处理。目前基于PCR分析的突变特异性技术——例如BEAMing或ddPCR——可识别cfDNA中等位基因频率低至0.01%甚至更低的突变,NGS也适用于cfDNA检测。但这些方法的灵敏度和特异性受到DNA聚合酶错误率和测序反应的限制。目前如何提高cfDNA检测的精准度正在探索中。



图2. cfDNA的提取和分析

cfDNA的临床应用

无需组织活检,,cfDNA分析让无法取得标本或不能耐受取材的患者有机会进行检测,并更大限度地让长期检测肿瘤DNA成为可能。其次,与单个病灶针吸活检相比,cfDNA分析可以更好地捕获患者肿瘤中多个不同克隆群体所具有的分子异质性。此外,cfDNA分析还可对临床未能明确诊断的疾病进行肿瘤检测和监测。

分子诊断

通过简单的抽血评估患者肿瘤的分子谱,而无需进行有创活检,使得DNA分析对临床医生和患者极具吸引力,但是cfDNA分析与组织检测的一致性为关键问题。早期小样本量研究表明,肿瘤和血浆样本中检测到的DNA改变之间的一致性较低,但当时的研究血检和组织活检的取样时间不同,检测结果的差异可由肿瘤的分子进化而产生潜在差异解释。此外,许多血样未在最佳时机采血,部分患者采样于治疗开始后ctDNA水平处于最低水平,在cfDNA水平较低的患者中获得真阳性或阴性结果的方式仍然是一项重要挑战。后续更大样本、更严谨的试验表明,同时获得的血浆和组织样本之间的一致率较高,特别是对于关键驱动基因突变的检测一致度高达80-90%。

追踪治疗反应

尽管患者的ctDNA水平差异很大,但大部分个体的ctDNA水平与肿瘤负荷、治疗反应密切相关。cfDNA在循环中的半衰期较短,有利于实时监测肿瘤负荷。研究表明,由于肿瘤细胞死亡会导致大量释放ctDAN,因此血浆ctDNA水平在治疗开始后可短暂增加,但1-2周内治疗疗效较好的患者ctDNA水平将显著下降。ctDNA水平的上升甚至可能先于放射学进展数周至数月。cfDNA检测有望成为监测早期治疗反应或进展证据的有力手段。

监测耐药性和肿瘤异质性

获得性耐药通常以个体中多个耐药性亚克隆为特征,这些耐药性亚克隆可以共存于相同的病变或不同的转移病灶,cfDAN检测有助于多重耐药机制的发现,而单病灶活检可能会导致低估肿瘤的分子异质性。一项研究发现,cfDNA检测可以发现多达2/3病例中单个肿瘤活检未发现的其他突变。因此,基于单个病灶活检的结果,针对单一耐药机制进行治疗可能会影响治疗反应,而cfDNA检测可一定程度上弥补这一缺陷。cfDNA的分析也可用于追踪治疗期间甚至治疗停止后不同亚克隆的克隆动态。Siravegna等人发现直肠癌患者在接受抗EGFR治疗期间可能会出现RAS突变,但在抗EGFR治疗停止后RAS突变可在cfDNA中降至不可检测的水平,这部分患者在后续治疗中可从抗EGFR治疗的再次用药中获益。将实时cfDNA分析整合到临床试验中并最终纳入标准临床管理,有可能成为实现精准医疗的有力工具。 



图3. 肿瘤的异质性和cfDNA 

术后残余病灶的检测

cfDNA分析最具变革性的潜在应用之一可能是在影像学之前早期发现肿瘤的存在,有望成为早期肿瘤的筛查工具。一般而言,无淋巴结和远处转移的实体瘤,治愈的主要方法是外科手术,不常规行辅助治疗,最终这些患者中约15%可能复发。检测术后残留疾病可以使已经治愈的患者免于接受潜在毒性辅助化疗,也可以识别那些患有残留疾病且可能从辅助治疗中受益的患者。Diehl等人发现直肠癌术后几周的cfDNA分析可以准确筛查出疾病有残留的患者。该试验中先通过对手术标本进行基因测序,明确每个患者的肿瘤特异性突变;接着在术后4周对患者进行采血,通过BEAMing明确血浆中是否持续存肿瘤特异性突变,这些突变的持续存在可作为肿瘤细胞残留的直接证据。几项关键研究表明,cfDNA中肿瘤特异性突变的术后检测可以发现乳腺癌肺癌胰腺癌中残留疾病,预测肿瘤复发,ctDNA检测对指导辅助化疗的作用的相关研究正在进行中。

早期癌症检测

液体活检应用的极致是在健康、无症状人群中发现早期肿瘤。目前,还没有成熟的技术来实现这一目标,这要求此种方法敏感度较高,能够检测微量的cfDNA或由癌前病变、早期癌症释放的其他物质,同时还需要高度特异性,以最大限度地减少假阳性结果,降低对接受筛查的真正健康人群的困扰。并且,液体活检后将准确定位肿瘤原发灶。此外,一些突变可能存在于良性病变中,cfDNA检测到的突变也可能源自骨髓中异常的克隆群体。最近的两项研究表明,液体活检可用于早期发现癌症。陈等人通过检测血浆中EBV DNA筛查中国患者的鼻咽癌。共有309例患者(1.5%)血浆中检测到EBV DNA,其中34例患者(0.17%的原始人群)在内镜评估时确诊鼻咽癌,而筛查后一年内只有1例EBV DNA阴性患者发现鼻咽癌,综上该方法的敏感性和特异性分别为97.1%和98.6%。最近,科恩等人开发的CancerSEEK法,将cfDNA中的突变检测与循环蛋白标记结合,敏感性为69%-98%,特异性超过99%。 



图4. cfDNA分析的临床应用

总结

cfDNA的分析已迅速成为一种在肿瘤学中具有应用前景的技术。将cfDNA分析应用于临床需要仔细了解这种方法的优势和局限性,以正确理解结果,科学指导临床决策。虽然需要进一步的前瞻性研究进行验证,但cfDNA分析具有对癌症医学产生变革影响的潜力。

原始出处:
Ryan B. Corcoran and Bruce A. Chabner. Application of Cell-free DNA Analysis to Cancer Treatment. NEJM. Nov 2018.

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    2018-11-23 LSJ116
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    2018-11-22 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-11-21 cqykthl

    亟待解决价格问题!!

    0

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