流行性腮腺炎来了!如何预防?

2018-09-26 佚名 国家卫计委官网、中国疾控中心免疫规划中心

在前不久国家卫健委发布的《2018年8月全国法定传染病疫情概况》中,流行性腮腺炎的发病数高达16801例,排在丙类传染病发病数第二位,仅次于手足口病。


在前不久国家卫健委发布的《2018年8月全国法定传染病疫情概况》中,流行性腮腺炎的发病数高达16801例,排在丙类传染病发病数第二位,仅次于手足口病。

现在正处于夏秋之交的9月,昼夜温差会逐渐变大,很容易引发小儿手足口病、流行性腮腺炎等疾病,应特别留心。那么流行性腮腺炎到底该如何防治呢?看了下面的科普,就可以轻松掌握了!


进入流行性腮腺炎高发季!

冬春季是流行性腮腺炎肆虐的时节,我国的流行性腮腺炎发病呈季节性双峰分布,第一个发病高峰在4~7月,第二个发病高峰在10月~翌年1月。主要发病人群为15岁以下儿童,其中5~9岁儿童发病率最高。幼儿园、小学和中学是腮腺炎突发公共卫生事件的主要发生场所。

在此提请广大老师家长引起重视,积极采取防控措施。

什么是流行性腮腺炎?

流行性腮腺炎,俗称“痄腮”,是由腮腺炎病毒感染引起的急性呼吸道传染病,在腮腺肿胀时传染性最强。常见于儿童和青少年。腮腺炎病毒主要侵犯腮腺。腮腺位于两侧面颊部耳垂的周围。除腮腺外,病毒也可侵犯其他的腺体组织和器官,如胰腺、性腺,脑组织、心脏、关节等。

流行性腮腺炎冬春季高发,人是唯一的传染源。

流行性腮腺炎如何传播?

流行性腮腺炎主要经呼吸道传播,病毒可存在于患者的唾液和呼吸道分泌液中,通过空气传播或飞沫传播。也可以通过被感染者唾液污染的衣服、玩具或公共用具间接传染。

易感者在接触病人后一般在2-3周内发病。

流行性腮腺炎的症状有哪些?

腮腺炎主要表现为一侧或两侧耳垂根部肿大,肿大的腮腺常呈半球形,以耳垂为中心,向前向下向后弥漫性肿胀,并有明显的压痛。在咀嚼或进食酸性食物时,疼痛加重。腮腺炎患者除了腮腺部位肿痛外,大部分患者还有发热症状,体温在38℃左右,间断性。如果没有并发症,一周左右可自愈。

流行性腮腺炎的并发症有哪些?

流行性腮腺炎本身并不可怕,但是出现并发症可能会很严重。腮腺炎可以并发睾丸炎、病毒性脑炎、胰腺炎、心肌炎、肺炎等。

?当腮腺炎患儿出现腹痛、腹胀、呕吐、发热等症状时,需要警惕胰腺炎,这种病严重时可危及生命;

?如果孩子出现头痛、持续发热、呕吐、精神差,甚至抽搐时,需要警惕病毒性脑炎;

?当女孩子出现腹痛时,需要警惕卵巢炎;

?男孩子发热伴“蛋蛋”肿痛时,需要警惕睾丸炎。如果并发了双侧睾丸炎,有可能导致成年后的不孕症。

得了流行性腮腺炎需要注意什么?

由于流行性腮腺炎有传染性,所以一旦孩子被诊断为腮腺炎,最好在家休息,不要上学或去幼儿园,以免传染给其他小朋友。如果没有并发症,大概一周左右可自愈,腮腺肿大完全消失,可以解除隔离;如果接触了腮腺炎病人,需要隔离观察3周。

如何预防流行性腮腺炎?

目前,我国儿童免疫程序规定,18~24月龄儿童应常规接种一剂次麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合疫苗(MMR),但接种1剂次含腮腺炎成分疫苗的防病效果有限,推荐儿童入小学前再次接种一剂含腮腺炎成分疫苗。

?在腮腺炎流行时,尽量不要带孩子到人群密集的场所去,更不要与已患有腮腺炎的孩子一起玩耍或聚会。

?教室要注意通风,保持空气流通,可用0.2%过氧乙酸消毒。

?教育孩子养成良好的个人卫生习惯,多参加体育锻炼,增强体质。

?在学校最好有保健员进行监控,定期排查,增加晨检,做好健康教育;发现可疑病例及时进行医学观察;出现疫情,要及时报告当地卫生机构,并做好活动场所消毒,同时尽早对易感人群进行含腮腺炎成分疫苗的应急接种工作。

?对接触过传染期流行性腮腺炎病人的易感者(既往未患病或未接种过疫苗者)要密切观察。

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    2019-03-28 tulenzi
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    2018-09-28 mfx799
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    2018-09-26 flysky120

    学习一下知识了

    0