淋巴结核—隐形杀手 致多发动脉狭窄

2018-08-14 蔡军 刘力生 孙宁玲 吴海英 中国高血压疑难病例荟萃

患者女,19岁,因“心悸、头晕5天”入院。患者5天前无明显诱因出现头晕、心悸,无明显头痛、胸闷、胸痛、恶心、呕吐、四肢乏力,无低热、盗汗等不适,头晕呈持续性,阵发性加重,遂于当地医院测血压为150+/110+mmHg,皮质醇为775.04nmol/L↑(具体参考值不详),心房钠尿肽(BNP)2667.1pg/ml↑(具体参考值不详),卧位醛固.1160.98pg/ml↑(具体参考值不详),诊断为“

病史摘要

患者女,19岁,因“心悸、头晕5天”入院。患者5天前无明显诱因出现头晕、心悸,无明显头痛、胸闷、胸痛、恶心、呕吐、四肢乏力,无低热、盗汗等不适,头晕呈持续性,阵发性加重,遂于当地医院测血压为150+/110+mmHg,皮质醇为775.04nmol/L↑(具体参考值不详),心房钠尿肽(BNP)2667.1pg/ml↑(具体参考值不详),卧位醛固.1160.98pg/ml↑(具体参考值不详),诊断为“原发性醛固酮增多症?心肌炎?药物中毒?”,暂未予降压药物,监测血压波动于140~170/100~110mmHg。自发病以来,精神、饮食、睡眠差,大便2~3天一次,小便正常,近20天体重减轻约2kg。无高血压家族史。

体格检查

体温36.5℃,脉搏123次/分,呼吸20次/分,血压(右上肢)173/120mmHg,左上肢160/118mmHg。神志清楚,精神欠佳,急性病容,体型匀称。右侧锁骨上窝可触及1cm×1cm淋巴结,右侧胸锁乳突肌前可触及一约0.8cm×1.0cm肿大淋巴结,无压痛,边界清,活动度可。胸肺查体未见异常。心率123次/分,律齐,心音有力,各瓣膜区未闻及杂音,心包摩擦音未闻及。腹软,无压痛。肠鸣音正常。腹主动脉、肾动脉未闻及异常杂音。双下肢无水肿。四肢关节未见异常。

辅助检查

血常规:血红蛋白112g/L↓,红细胞4.53×1012/L,MC.77fL↓,MC.24.7pg↓,白细胞8.55×109/L,血小板307×109/L↑,淋巴细胞百分.19.6%↓,单核细胞百分.11.9%↑,中性粒细胞百分.68%。

肝功能:AS.21.8U/L,AL.9.6U/L,白蛋白39.0g/L↓,球蛋白44.3g/L↑。

肾功能:肌酐84.2μmol/L,尿素氮4.37mmol/L,尿酸290.3μmol/L。

血脂:T.5.79mmol/L↑,T.0.78mmol/L,HDL-.1.15mmol/L↓,LDL-.4.35mmol/L↑。

血沉:88.0mm/h↑(参考值0~20mm/h)。

电解质微量元素:钾3.24mmol/L↓,钠133.9mmol/L↓,氯96.3mmol/L↓,钙2.26mmol/L,磷1.14mmol/L,镁1.01mmol/L。

凝血象:D-二聚.268.1μg/L(参考值0~232μg/L)↑,APT正常。

心肌损伤标志物:肌酸激酶同工.0.45μg/L,肌红蛋白<21μg/L,超敏肌钙蛋.0.03μg/ L,结果正常。

糖化血红蛋白:4.8%,正常。甲状腺功能、大便常规正常。

尿常规:白细胞中性粒细胞酯酶+,蛋白+,白细胞计数184个/μl↑,细菌901.09个/ μl↑,镜检白细.168个/μl↑。

24小时尿蛋白定量及电解质:微量蛋白62.7mg/L↑,总蛋白0.29g/24小时尿↑,尿mALB/C.543.4mg/g.Cr↑,尿钾35.58mmol/24小时尿↑,尿钠77.69mmol/24小时尿↓,尿氯50.66mmol/24小时尿↓,尿肌酐1.02mmol/L↓。

儿茶酚胺代谢产物:24小时尿VM.59.2μmol/L↑(参考值9.6~50μmol/L),M.5.5μmol/L,17-O.12.5μmol/L,17-K.31.2μmol/L(表30-1,表30-2)。


表30-1RAAS相关激素结果


表30-2ACTH及皮质醇节律

X线胸片及肝胆胰脾及双肾超声:正常。

心脏超声:室间隔动度降低,二尖瓣轻度反流。

颈动脉超声:双侧颈动脉内膜粗糙不均匀增厚,双侧颈部大血管旁、锁骨上窝低回声结节影,考虑淋巴结。

入院诊断

继发性高血压待查;血脂异常

诊治经过与诊治思维

1.简要治疗经过

入院后完善相关检查,排除了严重肾实质性疾病导致血压升高,另外通过小剂量地塞米松抑制试验,排除库欣综合征;结合激发试验,并结合肾上腺影像学检查,排除了内分泌性疾病,如原发性醛固酮增多症。治疗上予以苯磺酸氨氯地平.5mg 1次/日、琥珀酸美托洛.47.5m.1次/日降压治疗,血压仍有波动,住院监测血压最高为166/96mmHg。患者心悸症状仍有发作,血压不能平稳控制。结合心肌损伤标志物、心电图变化和病史等,排除了病毒性心肌炎可能。

2.科室病例讨论

本例患者为青年女性,高血压病史短,且无高血压家族史,无不良生活习惯。故重点排查继发性高血压因素。①排除肾脏实质性病变:患者肾功能正常,尿微量蛋白轻度升高,考虑与炎症反应有关,无造成血压升高的确切肾实质性改变的证据,故可排除肾脏实质性病变。②排除内分泌疾病导致高血压:患者存在内分泌激素异常,如皮质醇水平升高、尿儿茶酚胺代谢产物VMA轻度升高、立卧位醛固酮水平升高,但进一步抑制试验结果发现,小剂量地塞米松可抑制皮质醇水平,故排除库欣综合征;患者肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮水平均升高,醛固酮/肾素比值正常,提示醛固酮升高为继发性改变,肾素升高为原发改变,进一步需排除肾血管狭窄导致RAAS启动。且患者病程中无低钾发作,影像学所示肾上腺增生无确切内分泌功能增强,不至于导致严重高血压;患者儿茶酚胺代谢产物VMA轻度升高(特异性不高),MN正常,也无交感激活症状,但需进一步排除嗜铬细胞瘤。嗜铬细胞瘤多发于肾上腺髓质,极少见于肠道、膀胱、心脏、纵隔甚至颅内。肾上腺CT可发现绝大多数嗜铬细胞瘤,间碘苄胍显像因全身示踪及功能性显影,可发现CT不易发现的少见部位的瘤体,为嗜铬细胞瘤诊断的可靠手段。但因无间碘苄胍药源,我院暂未开展该项检查,故可通过多部位CT检查查找瘤体。③排除肾血管性高血压:该患者查体未闻及肾动脉、腹主动脉区明显血管杂音,但因血管狭窄部位各异、程度不同、传导阻碍等原因,体格检查并不能完全排除肾动脉狭窄。结合患者肾素水平升高明显,进一步可完善肾动脉CTA检查,明确有无狭窄及部位、程度,后续可根据评估结果行介入检查治疗。④排除全身多发大动脉炎:患者为青年患者,无不良生活习惯,但颈动脉超声发现内膜粗糙伴不均匀增厚,血沉明显升高,超敏C反应蛋白升高,提示存在炎症反应,从而造成血管病变。特别是多发性大动脉炎,可累及肾动脉、腹主动脉、头臂干、下肢动脉等全身大动脉内膜,导致炎性斑块形成、腔内增生狭窄,出现血压短期内急剧升高。同时结合患者超声发现多发淋巴结增大,不能排除淋巴结炎或淋巴结继发性血管炎性增生,故需进一步完善炎性标志物、结核感染相关指标、自身免疫抗体谱、风湿因子等,必要时可行浅表淋巴结穿刺活检查找导致炎性反应的病因。

3.补充检查及治疗

补体:C3/C4均正常,白细胞介素-.63.75pg/ml↑(参考值0~7pg/ml),降钙素原0.07ng/ml(参考值0~0.25ng/ml),TNF-α14.1pg/ml↑(参考值<8.1pg/ml)。

自身抗体全套、抗环瓜氨酸抗体、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(cANCA):阴性。

术前传染病全套:正常。

T-spot:A孔干扰素斑点数56个,B孔干扰素斑点数15个,结核感染实验阳性。结核分枝杆菌抗体:阴性。

胸腹部CTA:①左侧锁骨下动脉起始于主动脉弓,近段见多发纤维软斑块,管腔最大狭窄约40%。②右侧锁骨下动脉起始于降主动脉。③肠系膜上动脉起始部见纤维软斑块,管腔明显狭窄,最大狭窄程度约80%。④左侧肾动脉近段见软斑块,血管腔最大狭窄近闭塞。⑤左侧肾上腺结合部形态改变,考虑肾上腺增生。⑥肝右前叶下段见结节状明显强化灶,考虑血管瘤可能。⑦盆腔少量积液。见图30-1。


图30-1胸腹部CTA

胸部CT:右肺下叶钙化灶;纵隔及双肺门淋巴结钙化;左肾结石;左肾多发小片状高密度影。

冠脉CTA:正常。

右侧锁骨上淋巴结活检提示:淋巴结肉芽肿性炎伴坏死,考虑结核。

4.修改并明确诊断

淋巴结结核;继发性高血压;多发性大动脉炎(左肾动脉狭窄、肠系膜上动脉狭窄、左锁骨下动脉狭窄)。

5.治疗思路

患者目前处于结核活动期,需立即抗结核治疗。患者大动脉同时也处于高度炎症活动状态,血沉、炎症因子水平均明显升高,为防止进一步损害,也需要激素冲击治疗抑制严重的炎症反应。激素的使用可能造成活动期结核的扩散,故目前治疗存在矛盾。权衡利弊后,决定分以下几个阶段进行:

第一阶段:①抗结核治疗:利福.3粒,1次/日,吡嗪酰胺.2片,3次/日,盐酸乙胺丁醇3片,1次/日,异烟肼片3片,1次/日。②调脂治疗:阿托伐他汀钙.20mg,每晚1次。③降压治疗:苯磺酸氨氯地平.5mg,1次/日、琥珀酸美托洛.47.5mg,1次/日。

第二阶段:抗结核治疗后每月复查血沉,4个月后血沉恢复正常(表30-3),提示结核活动期已得到有效控制,遂启动激素治疗大动脉炎:泼尼松每日1mg/kg,早晨顿服或分次服用,维持4周后逐渐减量,每2周减总量的5%~10%,以血沉和C反应蛋白下降趋于正常为减量的指标,剂量减至每日5~10mg时,长期维持一段时间。


表30-3患者的化验结果

随访情况

肾动脉CTA(6个月后):左肾动脉狭窄程度较前加重,接近闭塞,右肾代偿性增大(图30-2)。


图30-2肾动脉CTA(6个月后)

第三阶段:择期行肾动脉造影+支架植入术(percutaneou.translumina.rena.arter.stenting,PTRAS),改善重要脏器血运,防止肾衰竭。

专家点评

感染导致全身性炎症、继发自身免疫反应,导致全身大血管多发病变,其中特异性感染如结核分枝杆菌感染与大动脉炎的发生少有报道,特别是淋巴结结核由于感染部位隐匿,更容易漏诊,报道更少。本例通过查体发现增大浅表淋巴结,疑似病变部位,通过超声定位及病理活检,确诊为淋巴结结核,对于原发疾病的诊断准确。患者同时处于结核活动期和大动脉炎活动期,激素的使用与抗结核治疗存在矛盾,选择首先控制结核活动,然后予以激素治疗,不失为一种较为稳妥的治疗方案。随访6个月观察发现,患者血压仍偏高,且肌酐有进一步升高趋势,提示今后患侧肾脏功能可能因血运障碍而受损,大大增加了死亡风险,故择期行肾动脉血运重建对于改善远期预后具有积极意义,但肾动脉支架植入术后由于局部异物刺激及动脉炎特点,容易导致再狭窄,远期疗效存在争议,部分报道也显示,其对于保护肾脏功能、改善血压疗效显著。

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    学习了?

    0

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    2018-08-28 jyzxjiangqin

    隐性杀手淋巴结核。

    0

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    2018-08-16 sodoo
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    2018-08-15 jyzxjiangqin

    淋巴结核的影响。

    0

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    2018-08-14 1237a7a1m07暂无昵称

    复杂病例

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    2018-08-14 phoebeyan520

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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