NAT REV DRUG DISCOV:CAR-T疗法全球市场分析

2018-02-12 佚名 生物探索

本文译自Nature Reviews Drug Discovery,原文标题:The market for chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies。

2017年是肿瘤学里程碑式的一年。FDA批准了两种靶向CD19的嵌合抗原受体细胞(CAR-T)疗法,来自诺华的tisagenlecleucel-T(Kymriah),以及Kite/吉利德的axicabtagene ciloleucel(Yescarta)。CAR-T疗法在某些血液肿瘤中具有显着的疗效,并预示着肿瘤治疗模式的变革。

CAR-T的开创性

CAR-T疗法是利用白细胞分离术收集患者的T细胞,然后在体外进行T细胞活化、转导含有CAR的病毒载体、CAR-T细胞的扩增及回输患者体内。CAR是由抗体衍生的片段组成,可识别、结合并促进T细胞扩增的共刺激分子偶联肿瘤抗原。

Kymriah于2017年8月获得FDA批准,用于治疗复发或难治性(R/ R)B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的儿童和年轻成人(25岁以下)患者。基于单臂II期临床阶段(ELIANA)试验的结果,Kymriah在FDA以优先审查中接受生物制剂许可申请(BLA)后不到6个月,就获得了批准。注射后3个月内,83%的患者实现完全缓解(CR)或不完全血液计数恢复(CRi)的CR。如今,FDA已授予Kymriah治疗复发或难治性弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)成人患者上市申请优先审评资格,EMA也决定加速评估Kymriah的适应症:儿童、青年和成人的r/r B细胞ALL和不适合自体干细胞移植的r/r DLBCL。此外,该药物还将进行滤泡淋巴瘤(FL),二线治疗DLBCL,慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)和多发性骨髓瘤(MM)等适应症的评估。

第二款CAR-T细胞疗法Yescarta于2017年10月获得FDA批准,比预期审核日期提前1个月。该疗法用于治疗对前期至少两种其他治疗反应效果差或治疗后复发的大B细胞淋巴瘤(包括DLBCL和其他侵袭性NHL亚型)的成年人,并且正在欧洲接受此类适应症的审查。FDA批准Yescarta基于单臂阶段II(ZUMA-1)试验。在最新的分析中,总缓解率(ORR)为82%,其中CR率为58%。 Yescarta在成人复发或难B细胞ALL中显示了积极的早期数据。套细胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、惰性淋巴瘤亚型、滤泡淋巴瘤(FL)等多个关键临床试验正在进行中。

Kymriah和Yescarta都可用通过一个包括风险评估缓解策略的限制性计划来解决严重并危及生命的副作用包括细胞因子释放综合症(CRS)和神经毒性。FDA还要求进行上市后研究来评估继发性恶性肿瘤的长期安全性和风险。

CAR-T产品管线

全球CAR-T管线正在迅速扩张,方向主要包括提高安全性的治疗方式、针对新抗原(包括实体肿瘤抗原)的疗法及通用型CAR-T疗法(见表1)。

表1 处于在I / II期的CAR-T疗法

Juno发布的Ⅰ期(TRANSCEND)数据为靶向CD19的CAR-T细胞药物(JCAR017)治疗DLBCL,显示出较好的治疗效果(3个月ORR为74%,CR为68%;6个月ORR和CR均为50%)以及可控的副作用(3级或更高的CRS和神经毒性依次为1%和14%)。这使其成为Kymriah和Yescarta在本适应症中的重要竞争者,预计于今年递交上市申请。

Juno的JCAR015在2016年因出现5个与治疗有关的死亡(脑水肿)事件而被叫停。其他正在开发以CD19为靶点的CAR-T细胞疗法,包括Cellectis / Pfizer公司的通用型CAR-T疗法UCART19。

新靶点

B细胞成熟抗原(B Cell Maturation Antigen,BCMA)几乎存在于所有多发性骨髓瘤患者(MM)的浆细胞表面,因此对于MM的免疫治疗是一个很有潜力的靶标。不过目前该适应症积累的数据较小,但bb2121(Bluebird bio / Celgene)在治疗复发难治性MM患者9个月后产生了令人印象深刻的ORR(94%)和CR(56%)以及较轻和可控的毒性; LCAR-B38M(南京传奇生物科技)也显示了同样的高效。bb2121目前正在进行关键的Ⅱ期临床试验,已被FDA授予突破性疗法,并于2017年11月获得EMA颁发的Priority Medicines(PRIME)认证。同时,Gilead(KITE-585)和Autolus(AUTO2)公司的相同靶点药物也在进行临床试验。

CD123广泛表达于血液系统恶性肿瘤,包括急性髓细胞白血病(AML)。 靶向CD123的CAR-T有MB-102(Mustang Bio)和UCART123(Cellectis),均正在进行复发难治性急性髓细胞白血病(AML)和母细胞性浆细胞样树突状细胞肿瘤(BPDCN)的I期临床试验。与其他公司不同,Cellectis正在开发异体CAR T细胞疗法,即使用健康供体T细胞进行工程改造,以避免移植物抗宿主疾病的发生。异体通用型CAR-T疗法潜在的优势包括改进的可用性、制造一致性、效率和成本效益。

虽然FDA对出现患者死亡的UCART123 I期临床试验进行了临床控制,但随着试验方案的修订(包括更低剂量的UCART123)的解除,暂缓治疗被搁置。 Cellectis也正在开发针对CD19、CD22、CD38和CS1的异基因CAR-T细胞疗法。

基因开关

一些公司正在利用基因开关提高CAR-T疗法的安全性。Ziopharm Oncology正在开发靶向CD33的CAR-T细胞治疗,其中CAR的表达可以被小分子关闭;难治复发性AML的I期试验正在进行中。BPX601(Bellicum制药公司)的靶点是前列腺干细胞抗原(PSCA),并正在进行PSCA阳性不可切除的胰腺癌的I临床,其中的CAR仅在PSCA和小分子结合时启动并激活。双特异性AUTO2(Autolus)可以同时靶向BCMA抗原和跨膜激活剂和CAML耦合体(TACI)(TACI),其安全开关(RQR8)可诱导利妥昔单抗(MabThera; Genentech)触发CAR-T细胞死亡。

实体瘤

许多开发商正在实现肿瘤靶点的多样化。由于抗原异质性、难以穿透的基质、免疫抑制性以及肿瘤微环境的存在而造成了巨大挑战。为了提高肿瘤微环境中的免疫应答,Juno开发了针对特异性表达在卵巢癌细胞表面的MUC16靶点的JCAR020合并白细胞介素-12以刺激T细胞。目前,很少有数据支持CAR -T疗法在实体瘤中的应用,其治疗潜力仍然未知。靶向多种抗原(例如,AU105; Aurora BioPharma)、将CAR-T细胞疗法与其他药物组合或是治疗实体瘤的最具潜力的疗法。

CAR-T市场分析

Kymriah(475,000美元)和Yescarta(373,000美元)的定价间接提高了肿瘤治疗的价格上限。

图1 2026年复发或难治性血液系统恶性肿瘤市场份额对比(美国、法国、德国、意大利、西班牙、英国六大主要市场预测)

根据Nature统计,血液恶性肿瘤药物市场规模最大的5个适应症依次是复发难治性NHL(DLBCL,FL,MCL和CLL)和MM,累计将超过200亿美元,其中CAR-T疗法约占11亿美元,主要是来自儿童和年轻成人ALL患者(44%)及DLBCL患者(46%)的贡献。基于早期JCAR017在治疗DLBCL方面的早期数据,比Kymriah和Yescarta具有更优的功效和安全性或使其在该疾病领域占有更高的份额。Yescarta和Kymriah则将在MCL和FL方面具有先发优势,bb2121或只能作为复发难治性MM的四线疗法,市场预计不会太大。

CAR-T疗法会被用于尝试了多种疗法无效的病情严重患者身上,因此适用人群受限。该篇文章预计CAR-T在ALL和NHL中作为三线疗法,在MM中作为四线疗法,其他领域可能是末线疗法。同时安全问题也将限制其使用,特别是对于Kymriah和Yescarta。

不过,CAR-T细胞疗法的发展仍处于起步阶段,它的商业潜力,特别是通用型CAR-T疗法和针对实体瘤的CAR-T疗法,市场前景仍然存在不确定性。

原始出处:

Amy Yip & Rachel M. Webster. The market for chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2018.

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    2018-10-12 仁心济世
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    2018-05-24 liye789132251
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    2018-02-27 爆笑小医
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    2018-02-14 yankaienglish

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