多巴胺 vs 去甲肾上腺素,究竟孰优孰劣?

2017-08-01 孙广峰 医学界心血管频道

在心源性休克中,这两种药物究竟如何选?

在心源性休克中,这两种药物究竟如何选?

心源性休克是指由于心脏功能极度减退,导致心输出量显着减少并引起严重急性周围循环衰竭的一组综合征,被视作心脏功能衰竭的终末状态。

急性ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(STEMI)等心肌急性、广泛损害是引起心源性休克的最常见病因。据报道在STEMI患者中,心源性休克的发生率为5%~8%,其他病因还包括心包填塞、急性肺栓塞、瓣膜病等。

血管活性药物是维持心源性休克患者血流动力学稳定,保障组织器官灌注的有效手段,其机制主要包括正性肌力作用和缩血管效应,理想的血管活性药物应能迅速提升血压,改善重要脏器灌注,纠正组织缺氧,防止MODS发生或进展。

多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素都是常用于低血压状态和心源性休克的药物,但二者的优劣之争多年来经久不息。

事实上,多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素同属儿茶酚胺类药物。

1.多巴胺

多巴胺是去甲肾上腺素的前体形式药理作用相对复杂,对心血管系统的作用呈剂量依赖性。

小剂量[3~5 μg/(kg·min)]主要兴奋多巴胺受体,扩张肾血管,增加肾血流量进而增加尿量;中等剂量[5~10 μg/(kg·min)]主要兴奋心肌β受体,起到正性肌力作用,从而维持血压水平,改善心脏功能。大剂量[>10 μg/(kg·min)]使用时,α1受体激动效应占据主要地位,引起体循环和内脏血管床动、静脉强烈收缩,全身血管阻力增高,甚至出现微循环障碍。

因此治疗心源性休克,多巴胺剂量一般不宜过大。

2. 去甲肾上腺素

药用的去甲肾上腺素是人工合成品,旧称“正肾”,化学性质不稳定,见光、遇热易分解,由于中性和碱性溶液可使其迅速氧化失效,因此在临床上常用其重酒石酸盐制剂。其去甲肾上腺素实际含量约为1/2,即2 mg重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素中约含有1 mg去甲肾上腺素。该药通过强大的α1、α2受体激动作用以及较弱的β1受体激动作用发挥药理效应,对β2受体的作用几乎可以忽略。

去甲肾上腺素收缩血管的作用非常显着,外渗时易发生局部组织坏死,因此临床上一般采用静脉滴注给药,药物进入循环后被迅速摄取、代谢并起效,停止滴注后药效维持1~2分钟。常用剂量为0.02~0.1μg/(kg·min),临床应用过程中可按需调节滴速。

“多巴胺”的光环已日渐褪去?

2010年,Daniel De Backer等人将1679名各种病因导致的休克患者分为两组,分别给予多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素抗休克治疗,多巴胺用量不超过2 ug/kg/min,去甲肾上腺素用量不超过0.19 ug/kg/min,结果显示在所有类型的休克患者中,28天死亡率没有显着差异。

但亚组分析显示多巴胺与心源性休克组患者的28天死亡率增加相关,而且多巴胺治疗组患者的房颤、室速等心律失常事件多于去甲肾上腺素治疗组。因此试验组得出结论,在使用多巴胺与去甲肾上腺素抗休克治疗的病人之间,尽管死亡率没有显着差异,但多巴胺与不良事件数较多相关。

这一研究极大地撼动了多巴胺在休克治疗领域的地位,2016年ESC急慢性心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南引用了该试验的结论,尽管对于二者的推荐力度相同,但却明确将去甲肾上腺素放在了优先的地位。

如果继续向前追溯则可以发现,专业领域对于多巴胺的质疑由来已久,2006年发表于《Critical Care Medicine》杂志的SOAP研究结果显示,在入组的3147名休克患者中,多巴胺是在院死亡率增加的独立危险因素,且与休克的类型无关。

去甲肾上腺素占优先地位?

在多巴胺日渐褪去光环的同时,越来越多的研究开始支持去甲肾上腺素用于休克治疗,过去认为该药强大的α受体激动作用会减少内脏血流,导致内脏组织、器官灌注下降,即升高血压的同时也会增加血管阻力,影响肠系膜、肺脏和肾脏等重要脏器的血供,这一观念使得去甲肾上腺素在临床的应用受到很大限制,尤其是许多临床医生对在休克期间应用去甲肾上腺素一直顾虑重重。

然而近年来的研究表明去甲肾上腺素对于肾功能的影响并不如想象中可怕,大剂量去甲肾上腺素虽然可以诱发急性肾衰竭,但只有直接注入肾动脉才会出现,且诱导所需剂量是普通用量的2~3倍,而临床常规使用剂量的去甲肾上腺素静脉注射并无此作用。

理论上,去甲肾上腺素作为强效血管收缩药在升压的同时确实会增加血管阻力,减少组织灌注,然而在那些血管扩张的休克状态下,去甲肾上腺素可通过增加外周循环阻力升高血压,从而增加脏器血流。

有实验研究显示,去甲肾上腺素可增加肾小球灌注压,减除灌注压不足对压力感受器的刺激而使抗利尿激素减少,从而发挥一定的利尿作用。此外去甲肾上腺素的β受体激动作用和对于冠状动脉灌注压的增加作用均可引起心输出量的增加,从而进一步改善肾脏等器官的灌注。

而在另一方面,2013年的一项研究结果显示低剂量多巴胺(2 ug/kg/min)用于急性心衰患者未能如预料中那样对患者的肾功能和预后产生有利影响,而且多巴胺也并不改善急性肾衰竭患者的生存率或降低肾衰竭的发生率。

事实上多巴胺增加尿量和肌酐清除率的作用依赖于心输出量(CO)的增加,CO增加后肾脏灌注改善,尿量增加。而多巴胺增加平均动脉压和每分输出量主要是由于增加了患者的每搏输出量和心率。所以,多巴胺可能引起心动过速及心律失常。而去甲肾上腺素对于心率和每搏输出量的改变相对较小。所以,目前观点越来越倾向于认为去甲肾上腺素比多巴胺的综合获益更多。

一场没有硝烟的战争,未完待续……

继续查阅更多文献后基本可以得出结论,即在休克的治疗中去甲肾上腺素的疗效不亚于甚至优于多巴胺,但笔者认为,目前对于两种药物疗效对比的研究以感染性休克患者居多,心源性休克虽占据了一定比例,但样本量仍有继续扩大的必要。

因此,在临床上对于具体的某位患者而言,务必还要因地制宜,切忌墨守成规,千篇一律,我们的探索始终处于不断进步的历程中,每一条经验和原则都可能不久的将来受到质疑,甚至被推翻,如何为休克患者带去最大的获益和最少的风险,我们需要做的研究和探索还有很多。

原始出处:

De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):779-89

Levy B, Perez P, Perny J, et al. Comparison of norepinephrine-dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and organ function variables in cardiogenic shock. A prospective, randomized pilot study. Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar;39(3):450-5. 

Nativi-Nicolau J, Selzman CH, Fang JC, et al. Pharmacologic therapies for acute cardiogenic shock. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2014 May;29(3):250-7.

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    2017-09-25 匆匆2750

    进一步明白了药理作用

    0

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    2017-08-05 1e1263e3m20(暂无匿称)

    临床上老是分不清两者的优势,学习了

    0

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    2017-08-03 ylzr123

    认真学习,把间接经验应用到临床实践中去,然后再总结出新思路。给点赞啦

    0

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    2017-08-02 kalery

    学习了,很实用的比较

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1895091, encodeId=a556189509128, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce478241e0b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾上腺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82417, encryptionId=ce478241e0b, topicName=肾上腺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8dba135, createdName=xuyong523, createdTime=Sat Nov 25 07:11:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=247656, encodeId=b4ed24e656ea, content=进一步明白了药理作用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaEKEzRxBQy5e1X4BACGekhK9LCUqSRA67dtc3A2v4Pl5P9Ov7Xf4RBMWQ6LlG8skqOich3Hls33Nyyg/0, createdBy=92c61631387, createdName=匆匆2750, createdTime=Mon Sep 25 19:41:27 CST 2017, time=2017-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230469, encodeId=7d07230469c6, content=临床上老是分不清两者的优势,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=84e21956153, createdName=1e1263e3m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Aug 05 22:46:23 CST 2017, time=2017-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229456, encodeId=cf7d2294561f, content=认真学习,把间接经验应用到临床实践中去,然后再总结出新思路。给点赞啦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Thu Aug 03 07:54:31 CST 2017, time=2017-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1284887, encodeId=b7ee128488e56, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b67d8244123' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾上腺素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82441, encryptionId=b67d8244123, topicName=肾上腺素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=325a197, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Thu Aug 03 02:11:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229107, encodeId=5e4622910e1e, content=学习了,很实用的比较, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/01/a422505c84c5bd7df245dee314debefc.jpg, createdBy=31332101574, createdName=kalery, createdTime=Wed Aug 02 09:14:05 CST 2017, time=2017-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=228873, encodeId=cfc62288e316, content=很好,非常感谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c7052030458, createdName=1e2332e9m29(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Aug 01 15:31:14 CST 2017, time=2017-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=228862, encodeId=5448228862ea, content=学习了,谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/icyLhIGqru6gIknBJqfuPhRvIvBCic3jbz4PVDcMREDl6iaWw7opPo99JEXWc0tmIrGaXGPP0y58DKDiajZfV2qR3qXdCgwIyhVq/0, createdBy=d71a1955931, createdName=QFXL123456, createdTime=Tue Aug 01 14:49:14 CST 2017, time=2017-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-01 1e2332e9m29(暂无匿称)

    很好,非常感谢

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1895091, encodeId=a556189509128, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce478241e0b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾上腺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82417, encryptionId=ce478241e0b, topicName=肾上腺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8dba135, createdName=xuyong523, createdTime=Sat Nov 25 07:11:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=247656, encodeId=b4ed24e656ea, content=进一步明白了药理作用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaEKEzRxBQy5e1X4BACGekhK9LCUqSRA67dtc3A2v4Pl5P9Ov7Xf4RBMWQ6LlG8skqOich3Hls33Nyyg/0, createdBy=92c61631387, createdName=匆匆2750, createdTime=Mon Sep 25 19:41:27 CST 2017, time=2017-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=230469, encodeId=7d07230469c6, content=临床上老是分不清两者的优势,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=84e21956153, createdName=1e1263e3m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Aug 05 22:46:23 CST 2017, time=2017-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229456, encodeId=cf7d2294561f, content=认真学习,把间接经验应用到临床实践中去,然后再总结出新思路。给点赞啦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Thu Aug 03 07:54:31 CST 2017, time=2017-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1284887, encodeId=b7ee128488e56, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b67d8244123' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾上腺素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82441, encryptionId=b67d8244123, topicName=肾上腺素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=325a197, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Thu Aug 03 02:11:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=229107, encodeId=5e4622910e1e, content=学习了,很实用的比较, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/01/a422505c84c5bd7df245dee314debefc.jpg, createdBy=31332101574, createdName=kalery, createdTime=Wed Aug 02 09:14:05 CST 2017, time=2017-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=228873, encodeId=cfc62288e316, content=很好,非常感谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c7052030458, createdName=1e2332e9m29(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Aug 01 15:31:14 CST 2017, time=2017-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=228862, encodeId=5448228862ea, content=学习了,谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/icyLhIGqru6gIknBJqfuPhRvIvBCic3jbz4PVDcMREDl6iaWw7opPo99JEXWc0tmIrGaXGPP0y58DKDiajZfV2qR3qXdCgwIyhVq/0, createdBy=d71a1955931, createdName=QFXL123456, createdTime=Tue Aug 01 14:49:14 CST 2017, time=2017-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-01 QFXL123456

    学习了,谢谢!

    0

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