砷超标 冬虫夏草还能不能吃?

2016-02-26 袁一雪 中国科学报

冬虫夏草因为其提高免疫力等功效,成为很多病后需要调养人群的首选。不过,近日,国家食品药品监督管理总局日前发布虫草消费提示,虫草中砷含量超标近10倍。在国家食药监总局组织的对冬虫夏草、冬虫夏草粉及纯粉片产品的监测检验中,发现其中的砷含量为4.4~9.9 mg/kg。 食药监总局的消费提示强调:“有关专家分析研判,保健食品国家安全标准中砷限量值为1.0 mg/kg,长期食用冬虫夏草、冬虫夏草粉及纯粉

冬虫夏草因为其提高免疫力等功效,成为很多病后需要调养人群的首选。不过,近日,国家食品药品监督管理总局日前发布虫草消费提示,虫草中砷含量超标近10倍。在国家食药监总局组织的对冬虫夏草、冬虫夏草粉及纯粉片产品的监测检验中,发现其中的砷含量为4.4~9.9 mg/kg。

食药监总局的消费提示强调:“有关专家分析研判,保健食品国家安全标准中砷限量值为1.0 mg/kg,长期食用冬虫夏草、冬虫夏草粉及纯粉片等品会造成砷过量摄入,并可能在人体内蓄积,存在较高风险。”砷及其化合物是致癌物质,长期食用对健康有较高风险。

砷超标问题早有发现

这并非第一次有人提示虫草中砷超标,但却是食药监总局第一次发布风险提示。其实,早在2008年,《中草药》杂志发表了中国药品生物制品检定所和青海省药品检验所的王刚力、林瑞超、韩小萍等人的一篇学术论文,作者通过检测17批来自西藏和青海地区出产的天然冬虫夏草,就发现了砷的身影。其中,10批青海出产的冬虫夏草砷含量达到3.68~9.97mg/kg,7批西藏出产的冬虫夏草砷含量则为1.16~4.40mg/kg;还发现多数青海冬虫夏草产地的土壤中砷残留量较高,可能是导致青海出产的冬虫夏草砷含量过高的原因之一。

该论文还提到,2006年上半年,我国中药材和饮片累计出口1.80亿美元,其中冬虫夏草占中国出口总值的90%。当然,不同国家和地区对于药材的砷元素的限度规定不同,比如WHO、FDA、中国香港地区是以每日(周)最大摄入量(含来源于其他食品或药品的摄入)计算的;而加拿大、新加坡、泰国和韩国的标准均不同程度地低于我国药用植物及制剂绿色行业标准的要求,但欧盟的标准最为严格。即使采用限度最为宽松的加拿大标准,仍有7批来自青海的药材不符合规定。

而砷,俗称砒,其化合物三氧化二砷被称为砒霜,是种毒性很强的物质。一般来说,砷与其化合物被运用在农药、除草剂、杀虫剂以及合金中。

在化学元素周期表中,砷的位置正好位于磷的下方,正是由于两者化学习性相近,所以砷很容易被细胞吸收导致中毒。而且,它对人体多个系统都会产生影响,比如神经系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统和血液系统中毒,砷急性中毒严重者可致死。

同时,又有业内人士在媒体上爆料称,用硫磺熏蒸保存冬虫夏草,一度是业内公开的手段,从而导致其硫、汞大量超标。

那么,冬虫夏草还能不能吃?

不必谈砷色变

“我觉得国家食药监总局的风险提示说得不够清楚,因为自然界中的砷包括有机砷和无机砷。无机砷有毒,其中化合价为三价的无机砷毒性最为厉害,也是我们俗称的砒霜;而有机砷中除了一甲基砷和二甲基砷有毒外,其他有机砷化合物基本无毒,如砷甜菜碱。但在总局的通稿中,只提到了虫草中砷超标,却没有指明到底是哪种形态的砷超标。”天津药物研究院副研究员李红珠告诉《中国科学报》记者。

在2015年,西藏出入境检验检疫局检验检疫技术中心的曹晓钢等人发表了一篇分析西藏冬虫夏草中砷形态化合物的文章,称在西藏生长的冬虫夏草中,虽然总砷的含有量较高,多数为有机砷,但无机砷不超标。“所以我认为,人们不必太紧张,毕竟每天食用冬虫夏草的量少;即便吃了砷超标的虫草,里面不都是无机砷,而且人体也能够缓慢排出一部分砷。”李红珠解释说。

冬虫夏草标准还需要完善

目前,我国对于一些药材的标准不够完善,仅仅是看某些元素是否达标,但这对于我国出产的冬虫夏草的检测而言有些困难。因为从生物学角度看,冬虫夏草属于子囊菌纲、肉座菌目、麦角菌科、虫草属。虫草属是子囊菌中的一个大属,已知此属有350多种,在我国有58种,国际上公认虫草的源流在中国。在我国已知的58种中,由于寄主不同,又有不同的物名。除了冬虫夏草外,还有树生虫草、蛹虫草、凉山虫草、蝉花虫草等。

“目前我国并没有将这些虫草的来源与有效成分完全理清,到底哪些可以入药哪些不能也没有严格的界定。”李红珠认为,“所以,在学界应该先将虫草来源梳理清楚,入药与食用的分类管理,再由国家相关监管部门制定不同的质量标准,这样双管齐下才能有效果。”

王刚力等人也在论文中提出,在天然冬虫夏草的使用中也应注意避免砷量超标对人体所造成的不良影响。而且,有必要开展对冬虫夏草产区土壤和植被的重金属研究,以确定冬虫夏草药材含砷量高的机制。

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    2016-03-08 lyh994

    走过

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    2016-02-28 lishizhe
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    2016-02-26 wei834766788

    什么都有毒呀

    0

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    2016-02-26 sillywu

    当现代科技与传统瑰宝有冲突时,我想大部分应该好好想一下现代科技的漏洞

    0

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