ECMO辅助下罕见巨大气管内肿瘤切除术麻醉管理一例

2019-04-03 朱小兵 吴论 伍嘉艳 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,女,53岁,158 cm,54kg,因“反复咳嗽气促2年,加重4月”入院。术前一般情况可,未见明显口唇紫绀,术前BP142/71mmHg,HR70次/分,近20d来,患者行走60~70m出现气促,无明显诱因下静息状态下出现憋喘,夜间睡眠无憋醒史。术前诊断:气管肿瘤:性质待诊;高血压2级。拟在全身麻醉下行“气管内肿瘤切除、气管重建术”。

患者,女,53岁,158 cm,54kg,因“反复咳嗽气促2年,加重4月”入院。术前一般情况可,未见明显口唇紫绀,术前BP142/71mmHg,HR70次/分,近20d来,患者行走60~70m出现气促,无明显诱因下静息状态下出现憋喘,夜间睡眠无憋醒史。术前诊断:气管肿瘤:性质待诊;高血压2级。拟在全身麻醉下行“气管内肿瘤切除、气管重建术”。
 
术前颈胸部CT示:(1)气管结节,性质待定,下缘距离隆突4 cm,建议镜检;(2)右肺中叶少许慢性炎症;(3)左侧少量胸腔积液。心脏彩超示:左室舒张功能降低,EF68%。支气管镜检查示:气管内肿物。肺功能:FEV1/FVC77%,FEV172%;轻度通气功能障碍。动脉血气分析:FiO2 21%,pH7.467,PaO2 87.3mmHg,PaCO2 39.1mmHg,SpO2 96.2%,BE-1.6mmol/L。ECG示:偶发房性早搏。余检查无特殊。
 
查体:神清合作,未见明确异常;双肺呼吸音粗、心律齐、各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。张口度3指,MallampatiⅡ级,甲颏间距约6.0 cm。根据患者术前检查全科讨论后决定入室后静脉麻醉复合气管局部麻醉下,纤支镜探查肿物情况,根据肿瘤情况决定麻醉方案:插入小号气管导管麻醉或体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助无呼吸全身麻醉。
 
患者8∶30入室,连接各项生命体征监护仪,NIBP147/67mmHg,HR95次/分,SpO2 97%,局部麻醉下左桡动脉穿刺置管测压。2%利多卡因口咽部表麻麻醉,纤支镜下声门上麻醉,静脉注射丙泊酚50mg,后纤支镜探查肿物,探查结果:肿物上缘距离声门约6 cm,肿物占据气管截面积的90%,碰触发现肿物较硬,不可挤压,气管镜无法通过肿物与气道壁之间的间隙,无法进入到气管隆突附近。果断决定采用ECMO。8∶50静脉注射100U/kg肝素后静脉输注肝素10U·kg-1·h-1,同时预冲ECMO,8∶58ACT达到200s后,局部麻醉下,右侧股动静脉切开置管,股动脉插入F16动脉导管,股静脉插入F24股静脉导管,连接ECMO后9∶12开始运行,流量3.2L/min,FiO240%,气流量1.0L/min,靶控输注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼间断注射顺苯阿曲库铵维持麻醉。
 
气管重建后经口气管插管,术中BP95~120/55~68mmHg,HR70~102次/分,SpO295~99%,手术顺利,手术历时62min。10∶20停止ECMO运行,拔除股动静脉导管,停止肝素输注,鱼精蛋白中和肝素,复查ACT120s,术毕保留气管导管转ICU。第2天拔除气管导管,患者自觉呼吸顺畅,无不适,憋喘症状明显好转。1周后患者出院,随访无不良主诉。
 
讨论
 
位于环状软骨与隆突之间的主气管内肿物发病率约2.6/10万,临床中极为罕见,气管内原发性肿瘤仅占呼吸系统肿瘤的l%~2%。良性肿瘤发病比例最多的是间叶组织肿瘤,恶性肿瘤以鳞癌多见,气管中下1/3至近隆突处为肿瘤好发部位。
 
目前多采用纤支镜联合CT来确诊其肿瘤大小及部位。气管肿物手术对麻醉医师来说具有挑战性,气管肿物大小、肿物位置、特点及通气困难严重程度是麻醉医师在麻醉时必须充分考虑的。此例患者肿物距隆突较近,无法在气管切开插入气管套管后行气管内肿物切除。本例患者麻醉的难点在于如何保证患者的全身氧供。本例麻醉的亮点在于用ECMO技术轻松解决了该患者的术中氧供问题。
 
ECMO始于上世纪60年代用于临床,国内应用亦不过20年,技术来源于心脏直视手术的心肺转流技术,其主要原理是静脉插管将体内静脉血引流到ECMO,经离心泵把氧合后的动脉血,经动脉插管或者静脉插管输入体内,达到部分或者全部替代氧合或者心脏功能。相对于心肺转流,因为抗凝的要求较低,ECMO对患者影响较小,心肺支持功能相当。根据插管方式不同分为静脉-静脉ECMO,静脉-动脉ECMO等模式,前者主要是用于呼吸支持,后者可以用于心脏支持也可用于呼吸支持。
 
ECMO主要应用于:
 
(1)急性心肌炎:爆发性心肌炎患者常常表现起病急骤,病情发展迅速,如果出现严重的心功能不全且药物治疗无效情况下,采用ECMO支持治疗已经是这类患者的首选。
 
(2)急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS):全球第一例ECMO就是应用于幼儿ARDS,此后陆续有成人ARDS应用ECMO支持的报道,需要ECMO支持的呼吸功能衰竭从病因分类包括多因素导致的ARDS、广泛行肺炎和气道反应性疾病。
 
(3)器官移植前后心肺功能的替代支持:心脏移植患者通常会由于受体肺动脉高压而使供体心脏右心无法承受过度增高的肺动脉压,这种情况通常需要3~7d的供心辅助,这种情况ECMO成为供心辅助的首选。
 
(4)心脏手术后的辅助:ECMO作为心脏术后循环呼吸支持已经成为许多大的心脏中心必不可少的辅助方式,其应用已经成为仅次于新生儿先天性呼吸功能不全ECMO支持的临床适应证。
 
(5)终末期生命支持:特殊情况下的生命支持,以期达到患者隐私或为脑死亡患者所提供的供体器官进行有效保护,ECMO也正在受到急救医学和器官保护组织的信赖,通过ECMO有效地维持供体其他脏器。
 
随着ECMO技术的发展,适应证亦逐步拓展,近年来国内有极少病例报道用于气管手术的辅助。适应证选择的关键是心脏和(或)肺脏在发生功能不全的情况下存在功能恢复的可能性。应用ECMO技术辅助气管肿瘤手术,可极大减轻气道管理的难度,大大降低麻醉管理的难度。尽管ECMO是一种非常有效的提供氧合的方法,对一些复杂的气管肿瘤患者可省去气管插管,但是如长时间运行ECMO,抗凝管理不善,也会有出血、循环不稳定、栓塞、股动静脉转流上半身紫绀等并发症,麻醉中应密切关注。本例患者由于ECMO运行时间较短,抗凝管理恰当,未出现出血、栓塞等并发症。气管肿瘤手术麻醉时气道管理是临床麻醉的重点及难点,在极度困难时,ECMO技术也是个很好的选择。
 
原始出处:

朱小兵,吴论,伍嘉艳,杜燕燕,萧治恒.ECMO辅助下罕见巨大气管内肿瘤切除术麻醉管理一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(04):413-414.

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    2019-04-27 zhangbaojun
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    2019-09-09 654378501

    紧急情况下建立ECMO,熟练的需要几分钟

    0

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    2019-04-05 syscxl

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