Science:MIT科学家发明两亲疫苗,大幅提高CAR-T抗癌活性,将60%小鼠肿瘤完全清除

2019-07-17 奇点糕 奇点网

2017年7月,美德两个科学家团队分别发布了开天辟地式的研究成果,他们首次利用抗癌个性化疫苗在黑色素瘤患者中大获成功,展示了癌症疫苗在癌症治疗领域的巨大潜力。

2017年7月,美德两个科学家团队分别发布了开天辟地式的研究成果,他们首次利用抗癌个性化疫苗在黑色素瘤患者中大获成功,展示了癌症疫苗在癌症治疗领域的巨大潜力。

近年来,CAR-T细胞免疫疗法也在多种血液肿瘤中取得惊人的成功。

当这两种最具潜力的抗癌疗法相遇,会擦出什么样的火花呢?近日,发表在顶级学术期刊《科学》上的一项研究成果给了我们答案:碾碎实体瘤!

麻省理工学院的Darrell J. Irvine团队设计了一种癌症疫苗,最高能使注射进小鼠体内的CAR-T细胞数量提高200倍,多种抗肿瘤功能提升5-10倍。经该疫苗“涡轮增压”的CAR-T细胞大军,浩浩荡荡地杀向多种实体瘤,可以使60%模型小鼠的肿瘤完全消失。

并且,他们还证实,该疫苗对人源CAR-T细胞也有效。目前,他们已经将该技术授权给一家公司进行测试,并希望在1-2年内进行人体试验。本文的第一作者是Leyuan Ma博士。


左:Irvine教授;右:Leyuan Ma博士(图片来自MIT

虽然CAR-T细胞承载着人们对癌症治疗的无限希望,但是在面对实体瘤时,却失去了往日征战血液肿瘤时的风光,多以失败告终。

实体瘤是肿瘤细胞在人体内占山为王形成的坚实堡垒。用CAR-T细胞对付血液肿瘤时,战斗形式是围剿游兵散勇;而对付实体瘤时,面对的就是坚固的城池了,CAR-T细胞需要进行艰苦的攻坚战。

并且在实体瘤中,CAR-T细胞还会受到高钾、高胆固醇以及免疫抑制因子的压制,会很快耗竭,失去抗肿瘤能力。

此外,由于输回患者体内的CAR-T细胞数量有限,难以对肿瘤形成兵力优势。

这都是CAR-T细胞对实体瘤失利的可能原因。简单来说,就是兵力不够,战斗力也不足。

解决办法当然就是加大兵力,增强战斗力。不过,说起来容易做起来难,很多尝试都失败了。


来自MIT

疫苗在人类的抗感染史上,立下了赫赫战功。

随后,科学家还它引入癌症治疗领域,并取得了一系列重大进展。

用疫苗治疗癌症的主要原理,就是利用肿瘤细胞特异的抗原增强体内T细胞的免疫反应,达到抗击癌症的效果。

Darrell J. Irvine团队就一直在进行肿瘤疫苗方面的研究。2014年,他们发明了一种两亲疫苗,能将体内具有抗肿瘤活性的T细胞数量,提高30倍以上,并且还能大幅减少疫苗的毒副作用,相关研究发表在《自然》上。

这个两亲疫苗由两部分组成,一端能激活T细胞的肿瘤抗原,另一端则能与血液中的白蛋白结合,中间由脂类物质链接。白蛋白广泛存在于人体血液中,并且能通过血液循环进入淋巴循环,进入淋巴结。这样,这个两亲疫苗就能“缠着”白蛋白把它带进淋巴结了。

我们知道,淋巴结可是各种免疫细胞的大本营,其中就有对T细胞激活至关重要的抗原呈递细胞,如树突细胞。

而这个两亲疫苗的抗原端还连着一段多肽,这个多肽能够插入抗原呈递细胞膜中,并使肿瘤抗原连在抗原呈递细胞上。


两亲疫苗的原理

你可能看出来了,科学家设计这个两亲疫苗的目的,就是想让T细胞和抗原呈递细胞更加亲近,并且是在“家”里。

而亲近的结果就是,诞生了更多抗肿瘤能力的T细胞~

(突然觉得Darrell J. Irvine教授有点像月老......)

既然这个两亲疫苗能促进内源T细胞的增殖和激活,那它对CAR-T细胞很可能有有效。

你可能猜到他们想干什么了,给CAR-T细胞和抗原呈递细胞牵红绳!

你还别说,这个红绳的效果还真不错。

研究人员先给小鼠注射了5万个CAR-T细胞,随后又注射了两亲抗原和佐剂,一段时间后,发现CAR-T的比例最高达到了总T细胞的70%,在数量上是对照组的200倍。


疫苗(amph)大幅提升CAR-T细胞数量

此外,研究人员还在另一个实验中发现,两亲抗原处理后,CAR-T细胞的抗肿瘤能力也更强了,多种效应功能,如分泌干扰素、颗粒酶水平等,提高了5-10倍。

也就是说,这个两亲抗原既大幅促进了CAR-T细胞的体内扩增,又明显提升了其效应能力。达到了既增加CAR-T细胞兵力,有增强其战斗力的目的。

那现在兵强马壮的CAR-T细胞大军实战能力究竟如何呢?

研究人员在胶质母细胞瘤、乳腺和黑色素瘤等实体瘤小鼠模型中进行了检测,发现相比对照组,在两亲抗原的加持下,CAR-T细胞能够大幅缩小肿瘤的体积,延长肿瘤小鼠的生存期,并使得60%小鼠的实体肿瘤完全消失,并且没发现明显的毒副作用,效果好得惊人!


疫苗(Vax)大幅增强CAR-T抗癌效果

不仅如此,接受治疗的小鼠还保持了对癌细胞的长期免疫记忆,在开始治疗的75天后,再次注射同种癌细胞,这些癌细胞会很快被免疫系统清除。

并且,令人惊叹的是,又过了50天后,给这些小鼠注射少量其他种类的癌细胞,免疫系统竟然能将这些癌细胞也清除掉!

当然,以上实验是在小鼠中进行的,是否适用于人类呢?

研究人员又在体外检测了其对人类CD19-CAR-T细胞的作用,发现具有相同的刺激效果。

可见,该技术具有极大的临床应用潜力。

对此,Irvine教授说道:“在病人身上进行测试这种方法,一点障碍都没有。我希望在未来一到两年内,能在病人身上得到检验。”

原始出处:Ma L1,2, Dichwalkar T1, Chang JYH1, et al. Enhanced CAR-T cell activity against solid tumors by vaccine boosting through the chimeric receptor. Science. 2019 Jul 12;

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    2019-11-16 gracezdd
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    2020-05-09 仁者大医
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    2019-07-19 jichang
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    2019-07-18 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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    2019-07-17 医者仁心5538

    学习了

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    2019-07-17 orangesking

    0

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