ESMO OPEN:无驱动基因的晚期 NSCLC在一线化疗失败后,何去何从

2017-03-21 wrang2008 肿瘤时间

尽管晚期 NSCLC 一线治疗有效,但不可避免会出现耐药。截至 2014 年,驱动基因阴性的晚期 NSCLC 二线治疗药物仅三种——多西他赛、培美曲塞(仅用于肺鳞癌)、厄洛替尼。近年,获批用于晚期 NSCLC 二线治疗的药物不断增加,临床上又有了更多新选择。

尽管晚期 NSCLC 一线治疗有效,但不可避免会出现耐药。截至 2014 年,驱动基因阴性的晚期 NSCLC 二线治疗药物仅三种——多西他赛、培美曲塞(仅用于肺鳞癌)、厄洛替尼。近年,获批用于晚期 NSCLC 二线治疗的药物不断增加,临床上又有了更多新选择。

那么,针对无驱动基因的 NSCLC,一线化疗进展后新药物究竟如何选择?让我们通过近期海德堡大学 Christian Manegold 教授等发表在 BMJ 的综述,系统地从抗血管生成和免疫治疗两个方面梳理一下。

血管生成药物

血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在血管生成中起关键作用,调节内皮细胞\VEGF/VEGFR 通路;获得性耐药与肿瘤细胞和微环境通过成纤维成长因子(FGF)、血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)和其他信号通路促进血管系统生成。





在 NSCLC 研究中,抗血管生成药物分两大类,单克隆抗体和小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)。

1. 贝伐珠单抗

人源化单克隆抗体、作用于 VEGF-A 的贝伐珠单抗,一线与含铂双药联合用于非鳞 NSCLC 治疗,为晚期 NSCLC 一线抗血管生成治疗的一枝独秀。后续研究很多,但是暂没有获批的。

过去 10 年,在一线治疗进展 NSCLC,众多新药进行临床试验,只能适当提高无进展生存(PFS)但不能带来总生存期(OS)显着获益,包括凡德他尼(ZEAL 和 ZEST 研究)、阿柏西普(VITAL)、和贝伐珠单抗(BeTa 研究)、舒尼替尼(SUN1087 研究),无论单药还是联合化疗(多西他赛或培美曲塞)或厄洛替尼都未成功。

其他抗血管生成药物在既往治疗失败 NSCLC,抗血管生成药物表现出良好的疗效。2014 年,两个抗血管生成药物批准用于一线化疗进展的晚期 NSCLC:Nintedanib、Ramucirumab。

2. Nintedanib(尼达尼布)

尼达尼布为口服、三重血管激酶抑制剂,作用于 VEGFR-1~3、FGF 受体 1~3 和 PDGF 受体α和β,还可抑制 FLT3 和 Src 激酶家族。两项研究奠定了 Nintedanib 用于一线化疗失败的局部进展、转移或复发肺腺癌的地位。

LUME-Lung 1 研究:1314 例(腺癌 658 例、鳞癌 555 例)分入尼达尼布组或安慰剂组,联合多西他赛。尼达尼布显着提高 PFS (3.4 比 2.7 个月),总 OS 无统计学差异;一线化疗后 9 月内进展的腺癌患者 OS 显着延长(10.9 比 7.9 个月);化疗抵抗(一线化疗最好疗效为进展)腺癌提高总生存(9.8 比 6.3 个月);预后最差患者,尼达尼布可使肿瘤负荷下降和肿瘤生长速度减慢。毒性如腹泻、肝酶升高、消化道反应增加,但可处理缓解。

LUME-Lung 2 研究:713 例非鳞 NSCLC 分入尼达尼布组或安慰剂组第 2~21 给药,第 1 天给予培美曲塞。结果虽因达到 PFS,提前结束研究。尼达尼布提高了 PFS(4.4 比 3.6 个月)。

3. Ramucirumab(雷莫芦单抗)

雷莫芦单抗,静脉注射单克隆抗体,与细胞外 VEGFR-2 结合。REVEL 研究使美国和欧盟批准雷莫芦单抗联合多西他赛用于治疗含铂化疗进展的转移性 NSCLC。

REVEL 研究:1252 例 IV 期一线含铂化疗方案治疗期间或后进展 NSCLC,接受多西他赛联合雷莫芦单抗或安慰剂治疗,结果显示雷莫芦单抗组 OS 显着延长(10.5 比 9.1 个月),PFS 延长(4.5 比 3.0 个月)。非鳞癌 OS 更长(n = 912; 11.1 比 9.7 个月)、腺癌(n = 725; 11.2 比 9.8 个月)。鳞癌亚组获益两组无差异。此外,自开始治疗时间<9 个月患者 OS 更长。

免疫检查点抑制剂

PD-1 和 PD-L1 抑制剂早期临床试验结果令人鼓舞,在既往治疗过的 NSCLC 开展数项大型随机对照 III 研究同样大热,让我们看看二线治疗的进展吧。

1. Nivolumab(纳武单抗)

纳武单抗,完全人源化的免疫球蛋白(Ig)G4 抗体,阻断 PD-1 介导信号通路,重塑免疫系统抗肿瘤效应。纳武单抗对比多西他赛治疗鳞癌(CheckMate-017)和非鳞癌(CheckMate-057)研究后,欧盟和美国批准纳武单抗用于一线化疗失败的局部晚期或转移性 NSCLC。

CheckMate-017 研究:272 例 IIIB/IV 期肺鳞癌,分入纳武单抗组或多西他赛组。结果显示纳武单抗将 OS 从 6 个月显着提高至 9.2 个月。不同 PD-L1 表达水平 OS 和 PFS 结果无差别。

CheckMate-057 研究:582 例肺腺癌 ,纳武单抗组 OS 显着延长(12.2 比 9.4 个月),PFS 无明显提高。据 PD-L1 表达水平,在 PD-L1 表达 ≥ 1%,纳武单抗组 OS 改善更明显 (17.7 比 9.0 个月),但 PD-L1 表达<1%,两组 OS 类似(10.5 比 10.1 个月)。

2. Pembrolizumab(派姆单抗)

派姆单抗,抗 PD-1 单克隆抗体,阻断 PD-1 与其配体结合。跟据 KEYNOTE-001 研究结果,FDA 快速审批,派姆单抗用于治疗 PD-L1 阳性含铂化疗失败转移性 NSCLC,同时批准伴随诊断

KEYNOTE-001 研究:495 例晚期 NSCLC(初治 101 例/既往治疗失败 394 例、非鳞癌 401 例/肺鳞癌 85 例/鳞腺癌或不明 9 例)。结果显示,客观有效率19.4%,中位有效时间 12.5 个月,毒性可接受。截止至治疗结束随访 6 个月,PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50% 既往治疗失败患者 124 例,中位 PFS 5.8 个月、OS 14 个月。

KEYNOTE-010 研究:1033 例(非鳞癌 724 例、鳞癌 222 例)经治的 PD-L1 阳性(TPS ≥ 1%)晚期 NSCLC,随机分入派姆单抗 2 mg/kg 组、派姆单抗 10 mg/kg 组及多西他赛组 (n = 343)。结果显示,在 PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50% 患者中,三组OS 分别为 14.9、17.3、8.2 个月。总体人群,前两者的 OS 分别为 10.4、12.7 个月,较多西他赛组均明显延长且治疗相关的 AEs 更低,但 PFS 在派姆单抗和多西他赛间无差异。

3. 其他免疫检查点抑制剂

其他 PD-L1 抑制剂的临床试验在快速推进,包括罗氏的 Atezolizumab、阿斯利康的 Durvalumab 和辉瑞的 Avelumab。
始出处:
Christian Manegold, Alex Adjei, Federico Bussolino,et al.Novel active agents in patients with advanced NSCLC without driver mutations who have progressed after first-line chemotherapy.ESMO OPEN 13 January 2017.

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    2017-04-14 liuhuangbo
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    2017-09-02 feather89
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    2017-03-23 hb2008ye
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    2017-03-21 cqykthl

    培美曲塞用于非鳞癌吧!打错了。

    0

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