从诊断到处理:冠脉搭桥术后围术期心梗

2017-01-03 阜外医院李运涛医生 心血管时间

近年来,随着 PCI 和冠脉搭桥技术的成熟,冠心病的治疗水平有了很大的提高。大部分稳定性心绞痛患者一般是进行药物治疗,然而对于部分亚组病人,需要冠脉搭桥进行血运重建。而这就不得不提到冠脉搭桥术后一个严重并发症——围术期心梗。心肌梗死定义心肌梗死是由心肌缺血引起的临床事件,有明确的心肌损伤或坏死的证据,心肌标记物升高和/或伴随典型症状、心电图改变或新出现的存活心肌减少、或新的室壁运动异常。冠脉搭

近年来,随着 PCI 和冠脉搭桥技术的成熟,冠心病的治疗水平有了很大的提高。大部分稳定性心绞痛患者一般是进行药物治疗,然而对于部分亚组病人,需要冠脉搭桥进行血运重建。而这就不得不提到冠脉搭桥术后一个严重并发症——围术期心梗

心肌梗死定义

心肌梗死是由心肌缺血引起的临床事件,有明确的心肌损伤或坏死的证据,心肌标记物升高和/或伴随典型症状、心电图改变或新出现的存活心肌减少、或新的室壁运动异常。

冠脉搭桥术后诊断围术期心梗比较困难,手术引起的心脏损伤及心肌保护不佳可能引起心肌酶升高,术后心包炎症也可导致心电图改变,这些都给诊断围术期心梗造成一定干扰。

2012 年 ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF,联合发布的心梗通用定义第 3 版,并进一步更新定义,根据引起心肌缺血的原因进行临床分类:

1 型:自发性心梗,由于血管壁的病理过程(如斑块破裂、夹层)导致管腔内栓塞。

2 型:继发于缺血的心梗,由于氧供减少或消耗增加(如冠状动脉内皮功能异常、冠脉痉挛、冠脉栓塞、心动过速、心动过缓、贫血、呼衰、高血压和低血压)。

3 型:心源性猝死:留取血标本之前或血标记物升高之前死亡。

4a 型:PIC 相关的心梗。

4b 型:支架血栓栓塞引起的心梗。

5 型:冠脉搭桥相关心梗。

冠脉搭桥术后围术期心梗的诊断标准

心脏搭桥术后围术期心梗为通用定义中的第 5 型心梗,诊断标准为:需要满足心肌酶升高大于 99 百分位数上限的 10 倍,同时出现新发病理性 Q 波,或新发左束支传导阻滞,或冠脉造影提示桥血管或冠脉闭塞,或有存活心肌减少或新发室壁运动异常的影像学证据。

1. 生物标记物升高

生物标记物升高是诊断围术期心梗的必要条件,然而,常规冠脉搭桥术后,62%~90% 的患者术后可能会出现心肌酶不同程度升高,明显升高的标准不好掌握,一般来说为正常上限的 10 倍以上。

术后血清心肌标记物升高的患者,其预后较不升高者差,冠脉搭桥术后血清标记物升高与生存率呈负相关。在一项纳入 19000 例患者的 7 个随机对照或注册登记研究中,随访 3 月至5 年。检测肌钙蛋白和 CK-MB,发现 30 天死亡率与标记物升高程度呈正相关,肌钙蛋白升高超过正常上限的 6 ~10 倍、10 ~20 倍、20 ~40 倍、40 ~100 倍、 ≥ 100 倍时,死亡的相对危险度 RR 分别是 1.00、1.89、2.22、3.61 和 10.91 倍。血清标记物明显升高,多是由于早期桥血管闭塞,体外循环时心肌保护不满意,和/或远端斑块栓塞。

对于冠脉搭桥术后围术期心梗的诊断,肌钙蛋白比 CK-MB 更为敏感,在预测术后并发症方面效果更优。一项纳入 224 例冠脉搭桥患者的研究中,对研究中的患者术后每 8 h 检测一次肌钙蛋白T(TnT)和 CK-MB,经过多因素分析发现 TnT ≥ 1.58 ng/mL 是术后死亡或术后 24 h 内出现休克的最强预测因素。

2. Q 波心梗

围术期心梗病人中,Q 波仅出现于 4%~5% 的病人,通常提示新发心梗。新发 Q 波心梗,多是由于冠脉远端灌注较差导致。Q 波心梗在低风险病人发生率低,但在有以下危险因素时,发病率升高:

1)心脏扩大

2)长时间体外循环

3)再次 CABG

4)CABG 同时合并其他手术

Q 波心梗可强烈提示患者预后差。在 CASS 研究中,62 例 Q 波心梗患者,住院死亡率为 9.7%,对照组 1278 例患者,死亡率 1%。存活出院的患者,3 年死亡率类似(6%:4%)。

在 BARI 研究中也有相似结果。进行CABG 或经皮血管成形术的多支病变的稳定性心绞痛患者,1427 例行 CABG,新发 Q 波的患者 5 年死亡率分别为 8.2%:3.7%,相对危险度 RR 2.6。其他心电图改变如 ST段抬高/压低或 T波改变等并不影响死亡率。

3. 早期桥血管闭塞

早期通常指术后 30 天,闭塞发生于 5%~10% 的大隐静脉桥,闭塞常常是由于吻合口处血栓形成,取静脉时的血管损伤可能起了一定作用。术后应尽早( 6 h 以内)应用阿司匹林可能会减少此类并发症。

将近 3%~6% 的患者发展成临床症状明显的缺血表现,如缺血综合症,明显缺血性心电图改变,血流动力学不稳定,或室性心律失常。在两个系列研究中,术后复发性心绞痛行紧急血管造影的患者中大隐静脉桥的闭塞率约为 37%~56%,乳内动脉桥的闭塞率约为 12%~29%。其中一个研究中,在 CABG 术后平均 12 h 中,6.4%(131/2052)存在一个或更多的缺血性表现。108 例做了造影,23 例由于严重的血流动力学异常紧急行再次手术。造影提示正常 45 例,大隐静脉或乳内动脉桥闭塞 41 例,吻合错误 29 例,桥狭窄 14 例,桥痉挛 6 例,桥搭到错误的靶血管6 例,远端吻合不良 5 例,不完全再血管化 2 例。

处理策略

对于冠脉搭桥术后早期急性缺血,应紧急行冠脉造影检查,如果血管解剖条件允许,应尝试予以再血管化治疗。再次冠脉搭桥是一种方式,同时球囊扩张或支架植入,也已被用来治疗冠脉搭桥术后桥血管血栓形成的治疗。

05 年 ACC/AHA/SCAI 关于 PCI 指南中提到,冠脉搭桥术后早期心肌缺血,如果可行,应该予以 PCI 治疗,大隐静脉桥血管病变,PCI 时应该在病变远端行栓子保护装置。这些在 2011 年的指南中未做更改。

再次冠脉搭桥手术风险高,30 天死亡率在 7%~9%,尤其是存在严重血流动力学不稳定或严重持续性心律失常时,死亡率高达 39%~50%。PCI 可能造成出血并发症,尤其是术后很早期的患者。我们认为对于多数患者,这比早期再次开胸手术获益更大。

进行 PCI 治疗时,应注意以下几个方面:

1)在处理新鲜吻合口时,需要非常小心,并作好出现吻合口瘘时可能需要放置覆膜支架的准备。

2)建议选择低压球囊做血管成形,仅在成形效果不满意时放置支架。

3)对于严重的桥血管栓塞,建议对自身冠脉血管做再血管化治疗,放置药物涂层支架。如果需要放支架,常规应用预防血栓形成措施,包括氯吡格雷负荷量、糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 受体抑制剂等,同时做好可能出现出血并发症的准备。

随着药物治疗、PCI 治疗技术的进步,大多数冠心病患者都可以通过这两种方法获得治疗,效果也很明确,但仍有一部分患者需行冠脉搭桥治疗。目前多数心脏中心的冠脉搭桥术死亡率在 1% 以下。围术期心梗是术后比较严重的常见并发症之一,一旦发生,死亡率明显升高,需要引起我们临床医生的重视。

术后进行规范的抗血小板治疗,密切监测心肌酶,怀疑心梗时,尽早行冠脉造影检查,必要时进行球囊扩张、支架置入,甚至再次行冠脉搭桥术治疗。

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    2017-01-17 jihuaijun1112

    不错。。。。

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1663898, encodeId=4ccc166389881, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=03a35691e2e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#搭桥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56917, encryptionId=03a35691e2e, topicName=搭桥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=557f25711234, createdName=12498b3em16(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Nov 05 10:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1682070, encodeId=618f16820e0b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=202b309688b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠脉搭桥术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30968, encryptionId=202b309688b, topicName=冠脉搭桥术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d41e27933971, createdName=ZGMFX33A, createdTime=Tue Sep 19 13:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=170953, encodeId=2e9f1e095309, content=不错。。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzR8ylhYfiaoAUx2BsaYHVia1IKhG3Cg8CT84rBrn6iaVRkyAibJxBcLEXabOQ5p19vWgDe34ib5ErxNgx/0, createdBy=8a701629084, createdName=jihuaijun1112, createdTime=Tue Jan 17 17:16:23 CST 2017, time=2017-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275383, encodeId=df6912e5383d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a39406551e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#围术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40655, encryptionId=6a39406551e, topicName=围术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5fca128, createdName=licz0423, createdTime=Thu Jan 05 06:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1492356, encodeId=60c41492356be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a251569194f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#搭桥术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56919, encryptionId=a251569194f, topicName=搭桥术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=32a28924986, createdName=zzc2214, createdTime=Thu Jan 05 06:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1552898, encodeId=813f1552898d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=696730966a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠脉搭桥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30966, encryptionId=696730966a0, topicName=冠脉搭桥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=710114309336, createdName=yese, createdTime=Thu Jan 05 06:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1663898, encodeId=4ccc166389881, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=03a35691e2e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#搭桥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56917, encryptionId=03a35691e2e, topicName=搭桥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=557f25711234, createdName=12498b3em16(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Nov 05 10:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1682070, encodeId=618f16820e0b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=202b309688b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠脉搭桥术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30968, encryptionId=202b309688b, topicName=冠脉搭桥术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d41e27933971, createdName=ZGMFX33A, createdTime=Tue Sep 19 13:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=170953, encodeId=2e9f1e095309, content=不错。。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzR8ylhYfiaoAUx2BsaYHVia1IKhG3Cg8CT84rBrn6iaVRkyAibJxBcLEXabOQ5p19vWgDe34ib5ErxNgx/0, createdBy=8a701629084, createdName=jihuaijun1112, createdTime=Tue Jan 17 17:16:23 CST 2017, time=2017-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275383, encodeId=df6912e5383d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a39406551e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#围术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40655, encryptionId=6a39406551e, topicName=围术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5fca128, createdName=licz0423, createdTime=Thu Jan 05 06:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1492356, encodeId=60c41492356be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a251569194f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#搭桥术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56919, encryptionId=a251569194f, topicName=搭桥术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=32a28924986, createdName=zzc2214, createdTime=Thu Jan 05 06:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1552898, encodeId=813f1552898d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=696730966a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠脉搭桥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30966, encryptionId=696730966a0, topicName=冠脉搭桥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=710114309336, createdName=yese, createdTime=Thu Jan 05 06:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-05 zzc2214
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    2017-01-05 yese

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