Ther Adv Med Oncol:转移性结直肠癌治疗新进展

2017-08-21 月下荷花 肿瘤资讯

过去10年里几乎没有mCRC新作用机制药物问世,但CRC分子机制有大量进展,组织测序和液体活检可鉴定CRC分子特征指导治疗,改善对肿瘤异质性和遗传学进化的认识。美国Loree教授在Ther Adv Med Oncol上发文细述了对临床实践有改变的药物进展, 讨论了分子亚型和生物标志的重要性,以及治疗流程可能发生的改变。

过去10年里几乎没有mCRC新作用机制药物问世,但CRC分子机制有大量进展,组织测序和液体活检可鉴定CRC分子特征指导治疗,改善对肿瘤异质性和遗传学进化的认识。美国Loree教授在Ther Adv Med Oncol上发文细述了对临床实践有改变的药物进展, 讨论了分子亚型和生物标志的重要性,以及治疗流程可能发生的改变。

20%的结直肠癌(CRC)诊断时已发生转移,25–30%的II/III期CRC治愈性手术后5年内复发,多数需全身治疗。典型的一线方案为FOLFOX/CAPOX或FOLFIRI/CAPIRI联合靶向药物,部分CRC可单药治疗,疗效不逊于联合治疗;患者对化疗有反应时,采用氟脲嘧啶±贝伐单抗维持治疗,疗效优于完全停用化疗;RAS野生型未接受过EGFR治疗者,三线帕尼单抗或西妥昔单抗±化疗,接受过EGFR治疗或RAS突变者给予瑞格非尼和TAS-102(图1)。


图1 结合各种标志后mCRC的治疗流程。*对右侧RAS野生型肿瘤,抗EGFR治疗亦可考虑加入二线、三线或四线治疗,但不应当推荐一线治疗,对MSI-H患者一线进展后可考虑免疫节点抑制治疗,对一线接受FOLFOXIRI+贝伐单抗患者,不推荐改变的双药用于二线

一/二线和不同肿瘤部位与药物使用

接受氟脲嘧啶双药作为一线和二线治疗患者,奥沙利铂和依立替康的顺序并不影响结果,用药顺序主要取决于当地治疗模式、毒性状况和患者并发症,对需要快速缩小肿瘤或有不良预后的患者可能获益于三药FOLFOXIRI+贝伐单抗,RAS突变者行双药或三药联合贝伐单抗是标准的一线治疗。

原发肿瘤部位不仅具有预后作用,对RAS野生型mCRC也有预测作用。左侧肿瘤同右侧相比预后更佳,现有分析EGFR治疗作用与肿瘤部位关系的研究中均将右侧肿瘤定义为自回肠末端至横结肠(80405省略了横结肠),结果显示左侧RAS野生型肿瘤一线EGFR治疗时mOS和mPFS改善,且独立于BRAF突变;右侧肿瘤接受EGFR治疗时结果更差,甚至在三线治疗NCIC CO.17研究中仍存在这种治疗反应差别。

CRC分子亚型

NGS的进展允许鉴别CRC耐药途径,例如EGFR治疗后出现大量耐药改变,包括获得性RAS突变、EGFR突变、ERBB2扩增和MET扩增,只有明确患者出现哪种改变,才能更有效的治疗。

1.RAS检测敏感性和宽度增加,鉴别更适合EGFR治疗人群

最初只明确了KRAS外显子2突变对EGFR治疗耐药,进一步分析发现KRAS和NRAS突变均可致EGFR治疗耐药,约56%mCRCs存在RAS耐药突变,既往PCR法只能发现40–45%突变人群,突变患者接受EGFR治疗不但不能获益,反而有损害。

以往定义RAS突变达10%以上对EGFR治疗耐药,但有研究报道低频突变,甚至只有0.1%的突变也可导致耐药。CAPRI-GOIM研究采用较临床常用分析方法更敏感的方法进行检测,KRAS突变比例增加了15.9%。CRYSTAL研究报告了RAS突变频度对EGFR耐药的影响呈梯度发生,极低频突变依旧可获益于化疗联合西妥昔单抗治疗。目前不清楚这些低频突变是否代表亚克隆和肿瘤异质性。

2.液体活检

液体活检是评估无细胞DNA(cfDNA),可实时评估肿瘤内基因克隆的变化,指导治疗,例如既可发现RAS耐药突变,也可指导耐药突变消失后重新进行EGFR治疗,患者可再次获得治疗反应。

3. CRC的共识分子亚型(CMS)

根据基因表达特征,CMS分为MSI/免疫(CMS1)、经典型/WNT(CMS2)、代谢型(CMS3)和间充质型(CMS4),不过目前仍不能应用于临床,但可能在未来成为指导靶向治疗的根据。

不同的分子改变和在研药物

1.BRAF突变mCRC

mCRCs 有8–10%存在BRAF突变,常与MSI共存,多发生于RAS野生型,与不良预后和EGFR治疗效果差相关。BRAF是RAS下游,突变可致EGFR耐药。一线采用FOLFOXIRI+贝伐单抗治疗BRAF突变mCRC是一个选择,可改变mOS,不过三种细胞毒药物联合治疗的证据尚不充分,需要进一步研究。

单药BRAF抑制治疗BRAF突变mCRC只有5%反应率,BRAF+MEK双重抑制的疗效改善也并不极为显着,目前最高的反应率是威罗非尼+西妥昔单抗+依立替康,达35%,PFS由2.0个月增加到4.4个月。目前大量研究正在评估BRAF、MEK和EGFR抑制联合治疗的疗效。

MSI-H BRAF突变CRC中,目前尚无证据指导选择免疫治疗还是BRAF抑制联合其它药物,Loree教授更倾向于免疫治疗,MAPK在免疫反应调节中发挥重要作用,二个途径同时治疗可能会有更多获益。

2. MSI和免疫节点抑制

MSI发生于15%的CRCs,4%源于遗传性胚系MLH1、MSH2、MSH6、PMS2或EPCAM突变,其余源于体突变,多为MLH1启动子过甲基化所致。mCRC时MSI发生率为5%,可鉴别哪些II期患者获益于化疗,鉴别林奇综合征(LS)以指导家族成员筛查。当免疫组化发现MMR蛋白表达缺失时应进一步检查BRAF突变,BRAF突变通常发生于MSI肿瘤,但几乎均发生于散发于MLH1过甲基化引起的MSI,可有效排除LS,图2为LS诊断流程。



图2 MSI与林奇综合征诊断流程

MSI可指导mCRC是否适合免疫节点抑制治疗,派姆单抗治疗MSI CRC的反应率为40%,MSS肿瘤为0,纳武单抗+伊匹单抗治疗MSI CRC反应率为33.3%,而MSS只有5%,因此推荐免疫节点抑制治疗MSI CRC。

对于MSS肿瘤目前正在进行免疫调节研究,试图将免疫原性低的“冷”肿瘤转化为“热”肿瘤,有研究采用MEK抑制后发现能上调肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞和PDL1,改善免疫治疗反应,这种免疫调节源于MAPK信号途径,与抗原递呈和T细胞受体信号相关。

3.ERBB2扩增

3–4%的mCRCs存在ERBB2扩增,1–2%存在突变。扩增导致EGFR治疗时的低反应率和PFS缩短,不过突变的影响尚不清楚。III期疾病伴ERBB2突变或扩增时复发时间和OS缩短。HERACLES研究中采用曲妥珠单抗+拉帕替尼治疗,反应率为30%,篮子研究中曲妥珠单抗+帕妥珠单抗治疗反应率23%,疾病控制率69%。目前ERBB2扩增的检测尚未标准化,可遵循乳腺癌检测方法,NGS方法对筛查这一少见亚型有帮助。

4. 融合蛋白

来自染色体易位的融合蛋白在CRC中也有描述,可能会成为药物靶点。R-spondin融合蛋白最常见,存在于10%CRC中,与APC突变无交叉,致Wnt信号异常。靶向R-spondin联合PORCN抑制可阻滞Wnt分泌,或采用单抗抑制融合蛋白均可在CRC模型上产生治疗反应,需要进一步临床评估。

ALK和RET融合蛋白发生率均不足1%,与ALK融合蛋白阳性肺癌相似。临床前研究显示,结直肠肿瘤伴有ALK易位时对克唑替尼和entrectinib敏感。RET融合蛋白与瑞格非尼的临床治疗反应相关,体外研究支持此类肿瘤对靶向RET的药物敏感。

新药

1.一线治疗后的血管内皮生长因子抑制

贝伐单抗与化疗联合一线治疗CRC能改善生存,进展后继续应用贝伐单抗也可一定程度改善OS。阿柏西普作用于VEGF受体1/2,与FOLFIRI联合作为二线治疗,无论患者是否曾接受过贝伐单抗治疗,OS和PFS均有改善。雷莫芦单抗可与VEGF受体2的胞外部分结合,与FOLFIRI联合治疗一线FOLFOX+贝伐单抗进展患者,mOS和mPFS均改善。

二线VEGF抑制治疗的获益在临床研究中可见,但其临床意义尚不清楚。需要注意的是,在二线环境下VEGF抑制,无论阿柏西普还是雷莫芦单抗均未与贝伐单抗相比较,而且这二种药物均较昂贵,NCCN更支持贝伐单抗。

2.三线和四线口服药物治疗选择

瑞格非尼和TAS-102均已获批治疗难治性mCRC。瑞格非尼靶向多个靶点,可一定程度上改善mOS,最多见的副反应为手足综合征和疲劳,目前有研究正在采用人参、运动、鱼油和培哚普利减少其发生,一个小型研究认为小量地塞米松与瑞格非尼联合应用能减低治疗相关疲劳。

RECOURSE研究中TAS-102可改善mOS,副反应率与安慰剂相似,但3/4级毒性更多,多为血液学异常。有回顾性研究显示无论治疗顺序,瑞格非尼与TAS-102的有效性相似。RECOURSE研究显示既往接受过和未接受过瑞格非尼治疗患者采用TAS-102治疗的获益相似。

展望未来

不断改善对mCRC分子亚型的理解对改善治疗有获益,目前肿瘤部位是指导靶向治疗的重要因素。mCRC中低频度的突变鉴别仍是需要关注的主题,NGS可能成为用于临床的理想方法。更复杂的测序,如WES和WGS,目前暂无法广泛应用,不单是费用问题,更主要的是解释结果上的滞后。不过WES和WGS可更好鉴别拷贝数的改变、结构重排,二种技术可互为补充,结合液体活检可明显改善CRC治疗。
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    学习了谢谢分享

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    2018-02-08 minlingfeng
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    2017-08-21 天涯183

    非常好的文章,学习了,很受益

    0

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