口服索马鲁肽3期临床表现不凡,未来谁主导糖尿病治疗格局?

2019-06-16 不详 网络

刚刚结束的ADA年会上公布了一些重要糖尿病药物的晚期临床试验结果,诺和诺德的口服索玛鲁肽看来要成为糖尿病领域的巨无霸。在PIONEER2试验中一日一次口服索玛鲁肽在HbA1C和体重下降两个主要指标击败礼来的SGLT2抑制剂Jardiance。在PIONEER4中一日一次口服索玛鲁肽与自己一日一次注射的利拉鲁肽比显示非劣效性。此前索玛鲁肽也曾在三期临床击败过默沙东的DPP4抑制剂Januvia,

刚刚结束的ADA年会上公布了一些重要糖尿病药物的晚期临床试验结果,诺和诺德的口服索玛鲁肽看来要成为糖尿病领域的巨无霸。在PIONEER2试验中一日一次口服索玛鲁肽在HbA1C和体重下降两个主要指标击败礼来的SGLT2抑制剂Jardiance。在PIONEER4中一日一次口服索玛鲁肽与自己一日一次注射的利拉鲁肽比显示非劣效性。此前索玛鲁肽也曾在三期临床击败过默沙东的DPP4抑制剂Januvia,这个产品今年三月提交了上市申请、因获得优先审批资格有望在本季度上市。主要竞争对手礼来的一周一次注射GLP激动剂Trulicity虽然在大型试验REWIND降低12%心血管疾病风险,但因低于投资者的20%期望值。另一个重要产品GIL/GLP双激动剂tirzepatide在高剂量虽然疗效很好但副作用较大,似乎也难以撼动索玛鲁肽的老大位置。索玛鲁肽的预计峰值销售为50亿美元。


糖尿病为进展性疾病,而GLP-1受体激动剂作为口服降糖药与胰岛素治疗之间的过渡疗法,具有延缓疾病进展的生物学作用,从当前临床应用趋势看,GLP-1受体激动剂是目前全球最具市场潜力的降糖药。目前,全球已上市的GLP-1主要共有7款产品,3款短效剂型(艾塞那肽、利司那肽、利拉鲁肽)、4款长效剂型(艾塞那肽微球、阿必鲁肽、度拉糖肽、索马鲁肽)。索马鲁肽是目前全球最好的长效产品,头对头临床试验中在降血糖、减重、心血管受益等方面均表现出优于西格列汀、甘精胰岛素、长效艾塞那肽甚至度拉糖肽,口服索马鲁肽同样在与恩格列净、西格列汀、利拉鲁肽头对头临床试验中展现出更优的临床效果。

GLP是一个相对古老的靶点,首创药物Byetta在2005年就已经上市,过去15年的群殴主要是围绕优化降糖、减肥两个主要疗效和使用方便性。Byetta要一天注射两次,后来诺和诺德开发了一天注射一次的利拉鲁肽,并获得降糖、减肥双标签,成为历史上第一个针剂减肥药物。后来AZN、礼来、葛兰素先后开发了一周一次的Bydureon、Trulicity、和Tanzeum,尤其是Trulicity来势凶猛,快速蚕食了Victoza的地盘。Tanzeum见形势不妙提前撤市。索玛虽然动作不是最敏捷但现在看疗效更好,注射版(商品名Ozempic)前年在头对头试验中在降糖、减肥两个指标击败Trulicity。Ozempic在CV试验中降低26%CV风险,口服版索玛也降低21%的CV风险,这在数字上都优于刚刚公布Trulicity的12%。口服多肽药物一直是个技术障碍,索马使用一种叫做SNAC的辅料提高局部pH值以避免降解,有望成为首个口服GLP药物。

国内GLP-1受体激动剂药物研发如火如荼,多家企业均有重点布局国内GLP-1药物研发火热,根据CDE披露,短效在研产品中已有多个艾塞那肽、利拉鲁肽仿制药以化药进行注册报产,长效在研产品中豪森药业的聚乙二醇洛塞那肽已报产,有望于今年获批上市成为我国第三个长效GLP-1,礼来的度拉糖肽已于2019年2月份于国内获批上市,诺和诺德的索马鲁肽正处于临床3期中。其他在研管线中有多个GLP-1创新药进度较快,比如宝丽健生物的重组促胰岛素分泌素已经完成III期临床、石药集团中奇制药的rE4正处于III期临床中、鸿运华宁的Glutazumab处于临床1期,恒瑞的SHR2042(口服)已获临床批件等。

礼来的一个主要应对策略是其GIP/GLP双激动剂tirzepatide。GIP和GLP都是肠分泌促进胰岛素分泌的激素,即所谓的肠分泌胰岛素(Incretin)。但糖尿病患者产生对GIP耐受,所以单方GIP激动剂降糖效果不大。去年tirzepatide在一个二期临床显示降糖和减肥的高活性,高剂量组(15毫克)HbA1C下降2.4%、体重下降11.3公斤,但这个剂量的副作用很大、12周退组率高达32%。不过这个剂量的疗效太诱人了,所以礼来希望能用滴定给药(从低剂量开始逐渐增加剂量)来减少副作用。昨天公布的这个二期临床使用两个不同节奏的增加剂量办法,令退组率降低到4%以下。但遗憾的是疗效似乎也因此下降,HbA1c下降在2%左右、体重下降在5.5公斤左右。Tirzepatide的三期临床将使用另外一个滴定计划,能否找到疗效/副作用的更好窗口有待观察。当然礼来也在开发稍低剂量(10毫克),这可能将是商业上最可行的剂量。

当然索玛鲁肽也有胃肠不良反应问题,PIONEER7试验退出率为9%。索玛鲁肽口服生物利用度很低,估计在1-2%左右,所以成本高于注射版。另外索玛鲁肽需空腹6小时服用、用药后还要空腹半小时,虽然比注射强但也是个不方便因素。即便有这些不利因素现在看其它GLP药物难以撼动口服索玛鲁肽的领导地位。至于同样是GLP为何索玛鲁肽最后全面胜出不好解释,可能是诺和诺德优化地更耐心、也可能是运气。引入GIP功能理论上疗效可能有较大改善,但多数药物不仅要看疗效、更要看治疗窗口。以副作用换疗效只有晚期肿瘤这样最致命的疾病才可行,糖尿病这样有十几类药物的疾病对安全性要求要高得多。

由于目前GLP-1治疗费用较其他降糖药高,其使用呈现出明显的经济地域差异,北美和欧洲分别占据全球GLP-1受体激动剂市场的46%、37%,中国尚处于市场导入早期,仅占全球1%市场。

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    2019-06-16 misszhang

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