顶枕部大脑镰旁血管外皮细胞瘤1例

2018-12-07 朱正凯 林少华 李亮明 中国临床神经外科杂志

男,41岁,因头痛伴左下肢乏力1 d入院。入院时体格检查:神志清楚,GCS评分15分;右侧肢体肌力Ⅴ级,左上肢肌力Ⅴ级,左下肢肌力Ⅳ级。颅脑CT示右顶叶纵裂旁血肿(56mm×36 mm×50 mm),周围伴水肿带。

1. 病例资料
 
男,41岁,因头痛伴左下肢乏力1 d入院。入院时体格检查:神志清楚,GCS评分15分;右侧肢体肌力Ⅴ级,左上肢肌力Ⅴ级,左下肢肌力Ⅳ级。颅脑CT示右顶叶纵裂旁血肿(56mm×36 mm×50 mm),周围伴水肿带。
 
CTA检查示,病灶有不均匀明显强化(部分强化幅度与血管相仿),并见结节状突向大脑镰左侧,周围供血血管增多增粗,考虑右侧镰旁脑膜瘤伴出血,不完全排除合并脑血管畸形。
 
DSA检查示,右枕叶区可见血管呈包绕状改变及血管染色,主要由右大脑后动脉供血,右大脑前、右大脑中动脉参与供血,未见明显血管畸形。MRA未见异常。颅脑MRI示,顶枕部大脑镰旁占位病变(右侧为主)伴病灶内及灶周出血,考虑脑膜瘤伴出血。遂行手术治疗。
 
术中见肿瘤质地软脆,呈鱼肉状,血供丰富,边界尚清,有陈旧出血,暗红色,并已液化;术中出血约2 000 ml,术中快速冰冻病理检查考虑恶性肿瘤可能性大。术后病理检查考虑血管外皮细胞瘤(hemangiopericytoma,HPC)。术后辅助放疗。术后84周复查颅脑MRI增强未见复发。
 

图1 顶枕部大脑镰旁血管外皮细胞瘤手术前后影像A. 术前颅脑CT平扫,示右顶叶纵裂旁血肿(56 mm×36 mm×50mm),周围伴水肿带;B. 术前CTA,示病灶有不均匀明显强化,周围供血血管增多增粗,不完全排除合并脑血管畸形;C. 术前DSA,示右枕叶区可见血管呈包绕状改变及血管染色,主要由右大脑后动脉供血,右大脑前、右大脑中动脉参与供血;D. 术前MRA未见明显异常;E. 术前MRI平扫T1WI,示稍高混杂信号;F.术前MRI平扫T2WI,示混杂信号,肿块内及周围见出血信号;G.术前MRI增强,示肿块强化,强化灶范围4.4 cm×4 cm×4.8 cm,环形强化,中央见实性成分强化;H. 术后84周MRI复查未见复发
 
2. 讨论
 
HPC 是一种少见的软组织肿瘤,起源于毛细血管的Zimmerman细胞,又称为血管周细胞,可发生于身体各部位的软组织,颅内HPC 十分少见,占颅内肿瘤的0.5%~1%。HPC临床特点与脑膜瘤十分相似,术前误诊率非常高,甚至高达100%,椎管内HPC多被误诊为脊膜瘤。
 
HPC具有侵袭性,有转移倾向,WHO分级较脑膜瘤高。HPC CT平扫多呈稍高密度或等密度改变,类似于脑膜瘤。HPC多为类圆形或分叶状,边界清晰。部分HPC可见囊变、坏死,强化后肿瘤实质强化明显,囊变坏死区不强化,肿瘤钙化极少见。脑血管造影可以见到肿瘤周边迂曲增粗的血管影,肿瘤血供非常丰富。其供血动脉可来源于颈内、外动脉及椎基底动脉系统。
 
HPC肿块内部可见多发粗大的动脉,这在脑膜瘤中非常少见。HPC可侵犯临近的颅骨,破坏骨质并向颅骨外生长,形成局限性肿块,表现与脑膜瘤侵犯颅骨相似。但脑膜瘤侵犯颅骨比较少见,多是引起周围颅骨良性增生。HPC MRI表现比较复杂,多为混杂信号,T1WI和T2WI都可呈现出稍低、等、稍高信号,单纯依靠信号强度的差异很难与脑膜瘤相鉴别,主要有以下几点:HPC可表现为分叶状,而脑膜瘤多为圆形,边缘光滑;HPC没有脑膜尾征,多以窄基底附着于硬脑膜,脑膜瘤多有脑膜尾征;HPC肿瘤组织内可见有丰富的血管流空影,而这在脑膜瘤中非常少见;HPC囊变、坏死发生率也较脑膜瘤高出许多。
 
HPC有复发和转移倾向,以手术切除为主,术后辅助放疗。手术需力争全切,必要时可扩大切除范围。HPC血供丰富,手术在尽量全切的同时需控制出血量。由于HPC在发现时肿瘤体积多较大,一般长径大于5 cm,很难整块切除,分块切除前应处理好供血动脉,否则手术中出血量将十分巨大。必要时可术前先行栓塞供血动脉以减少术中出血,但由于多误诊为脑膜瘤,术前行栓塞的病例比较少。由于HPC具有侵袭性,可原位复发和远处转移,WHO分级为Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,因而术后放疗是有必要的。目前主流观点是术后术野区放疗能延缓肿瘤复发,延长生存期,同时建议放疗剂量≥60 Gy。
 
原始出处:

朱正凯,林少华,李亮明.顶枕部大脑镰旁血管外皮细胞瘤1例[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2018(02):141-142.

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