诺奖生理学或医学奖今日揭晓:弗洛伊德“陪跑”该奖32次

2018-10-01 佚名 中国新闻网

2018年诺贝尔奖“打头阵”的奖项——生理学或医学奖将揭晓获奖人选,由此正式拉开诺贝尔奖“开奖周”的帷幕。这一奖项是最具威望的医学研究奖项之一,其不少研究成果对于普通人来说也都是“如雷贯耳”:青霉素、试管婴儿、生物钟……从获奖的研究成果中,不难一窥逾百年来医学发展的轨迹。诺奖生理学或医学奖:一部“百年医学发展史”青霉素是谁发现的?“试管婴儿之父”是谁?为啥老马能识途、飞鸽可传书?在历年生理学或医学


2018年诺贝尔奖“打头阵”的奖项——生理学或医学奖将揭晓获奖人选,由此正式拉开诺贝尔奖“开奖周”的帷幕。这一奖项是最具威望的医学研究奖项之一,其不少研究成果对于普通人来说也都是“如雷贯耳”:青霉素、试管婴儿、生物钟……从获奖的研究成果中,不难一窥逾百年来医学发展的轨迹。

诺奖生理学或医学奖:一部“百年医学发展史”

青霉素是谁发现的?“试管婴儿之父”是谁?为啥老马能识途、飞鸽可传书?在历年生理学或医学奖的获奖名单中,这些问题都能找到答案。

上百年来,该奖项获奖人的研究领域涵盖遗传学、DNA和分子生物学、传染病等,涉及多项与人类健康密切相关的研究,几乎是一部“百年医学发展史”。

每年,该奖项的获奖名单由瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院评定,研究成果的评估工作皆由该学院的诺贝尔委员会承担。

作为最具威望的医学研究奖项之一,获得生理学或医学奖意味着研究成果得到学界的认可。除此之外,诺奖得主在12月的颁奖典礼上,还能获得一枚金质奖章、一份证书以及一笔奖金。2017年,诺贝尔单个奖项的奖金为900万瑞典克朗(约合人民币696万元)。

被这笔巨额奖金“砸中”可不简单。事实上,每年诺奖候选人都要经历约一年时间“锤炼”。从9月起,第二年的诺奖评选程序就已启动。之后,候选人都将经过严格筛选、审定,以及专家审查,才能成功“晋级”。

想拿奖牌不容易:2017年得奖者等了33年

1945年,亚历山大?弗莱明在发现青霉素17年后,与另两名科学家获得诺奖;2017年,杰弗里?霍尔等3人,在发现人体“生物钟”原理33年后才获奖……

追溯至上世纪,诺奖首次颁发后的10年,获奖者的平均年龄仅56岁。近10年,该奖项得主的平均年龄为67岁。科学家获诺奖所需等待的时间似乎越来越长,获奖得主年龄也越来越大。

“科学家并不会在研究获得突破后,就立即获奖。”诺贝尔博物馆馆长古斯塔夫?谢尔斯特兰德曾指出。

这是因为,通常诺贝尔奖评选委员会会严谨地对研究成果进行验证,部分研究成果有时甚至需要经过数十年的评估,才能确定研究价值,这也是诺奖能延续至今的生命力所在。

当然,谢尔斯特兰德称,科学家人数在逾一个世纪内大量增加,这也是科学家获得诺奖所需的等待时间变长的重要原因。

数说生理学或医学奖:弗洛伊德“陪跑”32次 117年中颁奖108次

自1901年12月10日诺奖首次颁发至2017年12月,已走过117年。该奖项共颁发了108次——受诺奖评选“宁缺毋滥”的理念和两次世界大战的影响,有9年未颁奖。此外,该奖项得主中迄今还未曾有人能获奖2次或以上。

214位得主中有12名女性

这一奖项共产生了214位诺奖得主,其中包括12位女性。得奖的总人数和女性得奖人数在诺贝尔科学奖项中均“拔得头筹”。女性得主中,还包括中国科学家屠呦呦,她于2015年因“中药和中西药结合研究提出了青蒿素和双氢青蒿素的疗法”获奖。

提名32次未得奖,弗洛伊德成资深“陪跑”

作为心理学历史上的“宗师级”人物,奥地利心理学家弗洛伊德曾被提名该奖32次,仍未得偿所愿,成为了该奖项最资深的“陪跑者”之一。1936年,法国著名作家罗曼?罗兰甚至提名弗洛伊德为诺贝尔文学奖得主,但弗洛伊德并未“跨界成功”,依然铩羽而归。

2018生理学或医学奖得主的三大猜想

作为科学发展重要的“见证者”之一,每年诺贝尔奖名单的公布都备受关注。今年,谁有机会载誉而归?不妨通过被视为“诺奖风向标”的2018“引文桂冠奖”获奖名单,圈定“候选人”:

纳波莱奥内?费拉(Napoleone Ferrara),美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校

成就:发现血管内皮生长因子,促进癌症和其他疾病中用于抑制血管生长的药物的研发。

金久时(Minoru Kanehisa),日本京都大学

成就:对生物信息学做出贡献,尤其是对《京都基因与基因组百科全书》的完善与发展。

所罗门?斯奈德(Solomon H. Snyder),美国马里兰州巴尔的摩约翰霍普金斯大学

成就:识别许多神经递质和精神药物的受体。他的研究已应用于许多常见处方药的开发,如用于止痛药物。

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    2018-10-03 wumeihua90
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    2018-10-01 122b87b4m49(暂无昵称)

    学习一下,了解新信息

    0

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