卫健委发文规范抗菌药物临床使用 严控医师处方权

2018-05-15 吴施楠 搜狐健康

近日,国家卫生健康委员会发布《关于持续做好抗菌药物临床应用管理有关工作的通知》(以下简称《通知》),要求全国各地进一步加强抗菌药物临床应用管理,加快建设多学科抗菌药物管理和诊疗团队,采取综合措施,解决当前抗菌药物使用面临的突出问题。从“天使”变“恶魔”经检索可以发现,从2004年至今,国家卫健委官网发布的有关抗菌药物的各项通知及办法共23条,基本每一年或两年就会发布进一步加强抗菌药物临床应用管

近日,国家卫生健康委员会发布《关于持续做好抗菌药物临床应用管理有关工作的通知》(以下简称《通知》),要求全国各地进一步加强抗菌药物临床应用管理,加快建设多学科抗菌药物管理和诊疗团队,采取综合措施,解决当前抗菌药物使用面临的突出问题。

从“天使”变“恶魔”

经检索可以发现,从2004年至今,国家卫健委官网发布的有关抗菌药物的各项通知及办法共23条,基本每一年或两年就会发布进一步加强抗菌药物临床应用管理的通知,足可见抗菌药物滥用的严重程度。

抗菌药物是指具有杀菌或抑菌活性的药物,包括各种抗生素、磺胺类、咪唑类、硝基咪唑类、喹诺酮类等化学合成药物。其中,最令人担心的就是药物不规范使用而引起的滥用现象。

“超级细菌”的出现更是让人们逐渐意识到,抗菌药物在治病救人的同时,也能给人类带来“毁灭性”的灾难。

抗菌药物的不合理使用,给耐药微生物的产生和传播创造了有利条件,患者未足疗程使用抗菌药物或使用质量低劣的抗菌药物也加重了耐药微生物的产生和传播。感染预防和控制力度不足、抗菌药物药物质量保障体系不完善、新药研发滞后、监督和检查体系不完整或未建立也直接或间接导致了抗菌药物耐药趋势不断加剧。

2014年世界卫生组织发布的《抗菌素耐药:全球监测报告》指出,“超级细菌”正在呈扩散态势,如不及时采取有效措施,普通的感染将导致大规模的人群死亡。越来越多的国家意识到,“超级细菌”正在威胁人类的生命,我们正在面临无药可用的严峻形势。

提高送检率,严控医师处方权

鉴于上述现象的出现,我国从2012年开始针对抗菌药物的管理采取了很多措施,包括抗菌药物合理使用监测、抗菌药物体系建设、构建强大的专家队伍力量,还出台了有着“史上最严限抗令”之称的《抗菌药物临床应用管理办法》。

虽然一系列措施的出台已经引起了人们注意,我国抗菌药物滥用情况也有所改善,但据一些临床医生透露,部分医院在使用限制性、特殊使用级别的抗菌药物时,很难达到要求的送检标准。医院配备的感染管理科等规范医院抗生素等药物使用的科室也基本没有发挥实际作用。医院开展的自上而下的逐级考核,收效甚微。

对此,在此次发布的《通知》里,国家卫健委特别指出,要加快建设多学科抗菌药物管理和诊疗团队,逐步将抗菌药物临床应用管理从“以行政部门干预为主”转变为“以多学科专业协作管理为主”,转变管理思路。

为了让限制性和特殊使用级别的抗生素在使用时做到先送检、再使用,《通知》指出,要加强临床微生物实验室建设,加强临床微生物检验人才培养,联合使用传统微生物学、分子生物学和免疫学检验方法,提高临床微生物检验能力。

造成抗菌药物滥用的原因很多,医生手中的不当处方就是其中之一。今年2月,英国公共卫生部门发表的一项最新研究报告指出,全科医生正在加速抗生素滥用危机,每年有多达800万不必要的抗生素处方从全科医生手里开出。

一些医生为了让患者的病情好得快,或者避免麻烦,在可以通过抵抗力自愈的情况下,也会开点抗生素,有时还会开出限制性和特殊使用级别的抗菌药物,加快了细菌耐药的产生。

针对这一问题,《通知》中明确指出,要严格落实抗菌药物分级和医师处方权限管理,根据不同科室诊疗需要,按照规定科学、合理地授予不同岗位医师不同级别抗菌药物处方权,切实发挥抗菌药物分级管理作用。此外,医院还应合理确定不同科室不同处方权限医师数量,处方权限向临床一线医师倾斜,避免医师外出等情况下影响抗菌药物处方的开具。

对于儿童和老人等重点人群,《通知》要求在抗菌药物临床应用监测网和细菌耐药监测网的基础上,研究建立针对儿童的监测体系,建立健全适合我国国情的儿童抗菌药物评价体系。对儿童医院门急诊和住院抗菌药物使用监控制度,并逐步提高儿童感染性疾病诊疗能力和水平。

拒绝滥用,避开这些误区

抗生素被誉为“万能药”,很多人不管身体出了什么问题,第一时间想到的就是吃点抗生素,把疾病“顶回去”。殊不知,随意服用抗菌药物会破坏身体菌落平衡,一些抗生素还会引起药物性肾损害,影响儿童听力发育。

在滥用药物的背后,实际上是药物常识的缺乏。中国青年报社会调查中心一项调查结果显示,在日常生活中,42.2%的受访者并不能说清抗生素的类属,其中17.4%的受访者直言并不清楚。在使用抗生素时,23.4%的受访者坦言有个头疼脑热就会用抗生素,14.1%的受访者说生病不知道吃什么的时候,就吃抗生素。

可见,改善抗菌药物滥用的现象要从自身做起,首先要提高人们对抗菌药物的认识。世界卫生组织曾在“世界提高抗生素认识周”时呼吁“人人都能参与抗击抗生素耐药性行动”。

那么,在自行使用抗生素时,应该避免哪些误区?

首先,如何使用抗生素需要专业人士进行评估,对一般人来说,坚持三不原则能减少抗生素滥用,即不自行购买,抗生素是处方药,需经过医生的判断再使用;不擅自停药或减量,抗生素并非用量越少越好,不足量使用更容易催生耐药;不追求新的、高档的抗菌药物。

此外,还要认识到,抗生素不等于消炎药,炎症表现很多并非由病菌引起,有时甚至是无菌性炎症,此时申请打“消炎针”是不科学的。对由病毒引起的感冒,抗生素同样无效。

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    2018-05-17 lhlxtx
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    2018-05-15 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    规范抗生素使用.利民利国.

    0

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