随机对照试验的偏倚风险评价(适用于系统综述作者及随机对照试验的读者)

2016-04-20 张渊 临床研究方法学与临床指南

在系统综述过程中,研究者通过文献筛选过程确定了符合纳入排除标准的研究之后,需要对每个研究的研究质量(study quality)进行评价。在流行病学中,偏倚(bias)是指“在医学研究的各个环节中,包括研究设计、实施、分析和推断过程中存在的系统误差以及结果解释和推论中的片面性,使得研究结果与真实值出现的倾向性差异” 。国内的流行病学教材一般将偏倚分为三类,包括选择偏倚、信息偏倚和混杂偏倚。

在系统综述过程中,研究者通过文献筛选过程确定了符合纳入排除标准的研究之后,需要对每个研究的研究质量(study quality)进行评价。在流行病学中,偏倚(bias)是指“在医学研究的各个环节中,包括研究设计、实施、分析和推断过程中存在的系统误差以及结果解释和推论中的片面性,使得研究结果与真实值出现的倾向性差异” 。国内的流行病学教材一般将偏倚分为三类,包括选择偏倚、信息偏倚和混杂偏倚。

而Cochrane组织更倾向于使用“偏倚风险(risk of bias)”而不是“偏倚”。这是因为我们是永远无法得知真实值,也就无法明确是否真的产生了偏倚。如果一个研究出现质量问题,就会有偏倚的风险,但是研究结果是否与真实值存在差异(即出现偏倚)却是无法得出明确结论的。 

无论是Cochrane系统综述或者是发表在其它医学专业期刊上的系统综述,都要求作者对纳入研究进行偏倚风险的评估;而偏倚风险的评估工具根据研究类型不同有所不同,对于随机对照试验,目前最广为接受的是Cochrane risk of bias tool。这个评价工具共有6个domains,包括随机序列产生、分配隐藏、针对患者和医生的设盲、针对结局评价的设盲、结局不完全、选择性报告,以及其它偏倚风险;评价结果可以分为高偏倚风险、低偏倚风险或者偏倚风险不清楚三个类别。 

偏倚风险的评价应该是针对结局进行的,比如某个研究考察的结局包括全死因死亡和生存质量,是否合理地采用了盲法(blinding)对于全死因死亡和对于生存质量的影响是不一样的——这是因为是否得知分组情况不会影响对患者死亡产生特别大的影响,但是作为一个患者报告的结局,是否得知分组情况对于生存质量的影响是非常大的。因此理论上,对于偏倚风险的评价结果应该是对不同的结局不同的,比如在“医生和患者的盲法”这个维度上,可能对于“全死因死亡”这个结局为低偏倚风险,而对“生存质量”这个结局为高偏倚风险。但是目前的评价操作都是针对某个单个研究水平(而不是在单个结局水平)进行的,即在“医生和患者的盲法”这个维度上,这个研究是“高偏倚风险”的。

“盲法:可以针对患者、医护人员、结局评价者和数据分析人员采用盲法,以避免主观性或者说知晓分组情况对试验的准确性造成影响。”



目前国内研究者熟知的评价随机对照试验偏倚风险的工具还有JADAD量表,但是与Cochrane组织一样,我并不建议使用JADAD量表。这是因为Cochrane risk of bias tool采用的是一种“模糊的精确”的策略,研究者可以对不同的维度进行评价,结果也仅限于高、低和不清楚三种。而相对来说,JADAD量表采用的是评分,同样得分为5分的研究,有的可能是因为随机方式出了问题,有的可能是因为盲法,即使得分相同,也不代表产生的影响是相同的,最后也只能是“精确的模糊”。

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  4. 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encryptionId=937d46650bf, topicName=对照)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8ae138776909, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 08:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87618, encodeId=93138e618e6, content=学习偏倚了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Mon May 30 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87619, encodeId=c8b28e619d6, content=学习偏倚了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Mon May 30 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83569, encodeId=72f0835696c, content=偏倚让人迷糊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Tue May 03 06:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81897, encodeId=4b0a8189ed5, content=偏倚无处不在, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xwU6047w4GQZHmaJMe3cGxCqPS0x43a9R04dN3HrAn5diaR2N4pEwoibqiaiaA3m6ia3g3XbZXadIomlRa5WAvjSUHb/0, createdBy=93aa1715091, createdName=为啥子, createdTime=Sun Apr 24 06:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296155, encodeId=9a79129615547, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7591984530b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#随机对照试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98453, encryptionId=7591984530b, topicName=随机对照试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=373b263, createdName=lisa438, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444145, encodeId=f72f144414549, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-03 amyloid
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1987165, encodeId=a1d8198e16560, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bac5466546c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#对照试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46654, encryptionId=bac5466546c, topicName=对照试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ad9f79, createdName=般若傻瓜, createdTime=Tue May 03 18:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1820610, encodeId=9aee18206107c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7cc6100900c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#风险评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100900, encryptionId=7cc6100900c7, topicName=风险评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c192448, 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encryptionId=937d46650bf, topicName=对照)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8ae138776909, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 08:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87618, encodeId=93138e618e6, content=学习偏倚了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Mon May 30 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87619, encodeId=c8b28e619d6, content=学习偏倚了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Mon May 30 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83569, encodeId=72f0835696c, content=偏倚让人迷糊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Tue May 03 06:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81897, encodeId=4b0a8189ed5, content=偏倚无处不在, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xwU6047w4GQZHmaJMe3cGxCqPS0x43a9R04dN3HrAn5diaR2N4pEwoibqiaiaA3m6ia3g3XbZXadIomlRa5WAvjSUHb/0, createdBy=93aa1715091, createdName=为啥子, createdTime=Sun Apr 24 06:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296155, encodeId=9a79129615547, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7591984530b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#随机对照试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98453, encryptionId=7591984530b, topicName=随机对照试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=373b263, createdName=lisa438, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444145, encodeId=f72f144414549, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-30 lsblb

    学习偏倚了

    0

  6. 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encryptionId=937d46650bf, topicName=对照)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8ae138776909, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 08:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87618, encodeId=93138e618e6, content=学习偏倚了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Mon May 30 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87619, encodeId=c8b28e619d6, content=学习偏倚了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Mon May 30 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83569, encodeId=72f0835696c, content=偏倚让人迷糊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Tue May 03 06:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81897, encodeId=4b0a8189ed5, content=偏倚无处不在, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xwU6047w4GQZHmaJMe3cGxCqPS0x43a9R04dN3HrAn5diaR2N4pEwoibqiaiaA3m6ia3g3XbZXadIomlRa5WAvjSUHb/0, createdBy=93aa1715091, createdName=为啥子, createdTime=Sun Apr 24 06:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296155, encodeId=9a79129615547, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7591984530b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#随机对照试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98453, encryptionId=7591984530b, topicName=随机对照试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=373b263, createdName=lisa438, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444145, encodeId=f72f144414549, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-30 lsblb

    学习偏倚了

    0

  7. 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encryptionId=937d46650bf, topicName=对照)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8ae138776909, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 08:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87618, encodeId=93138e618e6, content=学习偏倚了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Mon May 30 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=87619, encodeId=c8b28e619d6, content=学习偏倚了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f9f21613855, createdName=lsblb, createdTime=Mon May 30 18:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83569, encodeId=72f0835696c, content=偏倚让人迷糊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Tue May 03 06:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81897, encodeId=4b0a8189ed5, content=偏倚无处不在, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xwU6047w4GQZHmaJMe3cGxCqPS0x43a9R04dN3HrAn5diaR2N4pEwoibqiaiaA3m6ia3g3XbZXadIomlRa5WAvjSUHb/0, createdBy=93aa1715091, createdName=为啥子, createdTime=Sun Apr 24 06:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296155, encodeId=9a79129615547, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7591984530b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#随机对照试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98453, encryptionId=7591984530b, topicName=随机对照试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=373b263, createdName=lisa438, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444145, encodeId=f72f144414549, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-03 jjzouyan

    偏倚让人迷糊

    0

  8. 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CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83569, encodeId=72f0835696c, content=偏倚让人迷糊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Tue May 03 06:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81897, encodeId=4b0a8189ed5, content=偏倚无处不在, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xwU6047w4GQZHmaJMe3cGxCqPS0x43a9R04dN3HrAn5diaR2N4pEwoibqiaiaA3m6ia3g3XbZXadIomlRa5WAvjSUHb/0, createdBy=93aa1715091, createdName=为啥子, createdTime=Sun Apr 24 06:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296155, encodeId=9a79129615547, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7591984530b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#随机对照试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98453, encryptionId=7591984530b, topicName=随机对照试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=373b263, createdName=lisa438, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444145, encodeId=f72f144414549, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-24 为啥子

    偏倚无处不在

    0

  9. 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createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  10. 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CST 2016, time=2016-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83569, encodeId=72f0835696c, content=偏倚让人迷糊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Tue May 03 06:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=81897, encodeId=4b0a8189ed5, content=偏倚无处不在, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xwU6047w4GQZHmaJMe3cGxCqPS0x43a9R04dN3HrAn5diaR2N4pEwoibqiaiaA3m6ia3g3XbZXadIomlRa5WAvjSUHb/0, createdBy=93aa1715091, createdName=为啥子, createdTime=Sun Apr 24 06:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-24, status=1, 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createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 02:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-22 huagfeg

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