未预料的困难气道并支气管痉挛致苏醒延迟1例

2020-02-04 黄伟 贾志勇 杨春华 麻醉安全与质控

困难气道的管理与麻醉安全和质量密切相关,30%以上的严重麻醉相关并发症(脑损伤、呼吸心博骤停、不必要的气管切开以及气道损伤等)是由气道管理不善引起的。目前,我国各级医院麻醉医生在气道管理中还存在资源获取不均衡、设备配备不足以及气道处理相关技术普及率不高,危机管理意识不强等问题。尤其基层的麻醉医生,由于多因素条件限制,能够得到的困难气道工具不充足,仪器设备及监测条件限制等,困难气道的管理更是一项巨大

困难气道的管理与麻醉安全和质量密切相关,30%以上的严重麻醉相关并发症(脑损伤、呼吸心博骤停、不必要的气管切开以及气道损伤等)是由气道管理不善引起的。目前,我国各级医院麻醉医生在气道管理中还存在资源获取不均衡、设备配备不足以及气道处理相关技术普及率不高,危机管理意识不强等问题。尤其基层的麻醉医生,由于多因素条件限制,能够得到的困难气道工具不充足,仪器设备及监测条件限制等,困难气道的管理更是一项巨大的挑战。
 
1.患者资料
 
患者,男,48岁,身高170 cm,体质量63kg,因“反复右上腹疼痛8年,加重4d”入院,既往体健,否认糖尿病高血压病史,无肝炎、结核病史,无药物、食物过敏史。术前诊断:胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎,拟在气管插管全身麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。
 
入院检查:血压(BP)100/70mmHg,双肺听诊呼吸音清,未闻及干湿啰音,心脏听诊:心率(HR)63次/min,节律规整,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音。
 
实验室检查:血糖4.7mmol/L,单核细胞比率10.70%(正常3%~8%),二氧化碳结合率23.9mmol/L。胸片检查提示:心肺膈未见明显异常。心电图提示:窦性心动过缓(HR54次/min)。麻醉前访视:ASA分级Ⅰ级,Mallampti分级Ⅱ级,颞下颌关节活动正常,张口度三指(约4.5 cm),颈软,气管居中,后仰>90°,活动不受限,余未见异常。患者入室后连接心电监护,开放左侧上肢静脉通道,入室BP142/78mmHg、HR62次/min、无创指脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)98%。面罩吸氧3L/min,约1min后SpO2提升至100%,预充氧1min后快速序列诱导,诱导用药:舒芬太尼0.35μg/kg、依托咪酯0.3mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.7mg/kg,BP108/59mmHg,HR57次/min。
 
常规气管插管,出现困难气道,喉镜下分级Ⅳ级,面罩给氧同时呼叫援助,此过程中2位20余年工作经验的麻醉医生经3次气管插管尝试均失败(包括一次光棒引导插管),通气困难,气道阻力骤增,气道峰压38~45mmHg,听诊双肺满布喘鸣音,闻及少许呼吸音,SpO2急降至70%左右,HR112次/min,BP150/76mmHg,考虑全麻诱导插管期并发支气管痉挛。
 
紧急处理:面罩-呼吸囊双人加压辅助通气,小潮气量高频高压给氧,发现胸廓起伏不明显,给予面罩加压通气后置入二代喉罩通气,经喉罩引导下放置管排气。同时,立即给予丙泊酚40mg、咪达唑仑2mg、地塞米松10mg,静脉滴注氨茶碱0.25g+5%葡萄糖250mL,要求放弃手术。
 
在此期间循环系统血流动力学变化,BP波动在184~110mmHg/98~55mmHg,HR波动在60~98次/min,给予硝酸甘油0.05mg、乌拉地尔10~15mg单次静注调控血压,SpO2持续维持在90%~98%,呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)波动在38~48mmHg。40min后,气道压逐渐下降至20mmHg左右,循环稳定,但是患者仍然处于麻醉状态,双侧瞳孔缩小、呼之不应,生理反射弱,病理反射未引出。急查指尖血糖21.4mmol/L,请内分泌医生会诊,给予胰岛素4U皮下注射,急查血生化、血气分析(仪器故障未检),生化全套结果:血钾4.0mmol/L;血钙2.08mmol/L;血钠142mmol/L;氯103mmol/L;白蛋白33.4g/L;超氧化物岐化酶122.2U/L;胆碱酯酶10500U/L;二氧化碳结合率46.6mmol/L;葡萄糖16.7mmol/L。
 
考虑:(1)二氧化碳潴留;(2)轻度脑水肿。处理:留置导尿、静推呋塞米10mg、纳洛酮0.4mg及静脉滴注20%甘露醇125mL,严密观察病情,对症支持治疗。3h后患者逐渐转醒,总计尿量约1800mL,色清亮,自主呼吸平稳,呼唤可睁眼,清理呼吸道拔除喉罩,留观10min未见明显异常,BP130~108mmHg/76~55mmHg,HR74~89次/min,SpO2 97~100%,听诊双肺呼吸音清晰对称,呼之能应,肌力恢复满意能按指令活动四肢及抬头后送返病房,加强监护。术后3h回访,生命体征稳定,患者神志清,精神良好,对答切题,四肢活动可,未发现异常。
 
追问病史,住院前1d有上呼吸道感染病史,住院后症状控制,未告知医生,术后随访2d后未发现严重并发症。
 
2.讨论
 
麻醉前评估未发现困难气道时,也不能排除困难气道的发生,而未预料的困难气道在全麻诱导后更具危险性。未预料的困难气道、支气管痉挛皆为麻醉过程中并发的呼吸道急症。当二者同时出现,危及生命指数直线攀升,若不紧急、果断、正确的处理,后果相当严重。其中核心问题是要有正确的思路,以维持通气和氧合为第一任务,积极预防紧急气道的发生,方可在处理气道时更加得心应手。
 
诱发支气管痉挛的因素很多,如呼吸道炎症、分泌物多、哮喘病史、吸痰、气管插管、拔管等刺激都会引起气道反应性增高。本例患者可能存在术前访视时病史采集不充分,未了解到入院1d前的上呼吸道感染病史,去氮给氧不充分,麻醉深度不充足,诱导后常规气管插管后出现未预料的困难气道,数次尝试气管插管操作诱发支气管痉挛,导致麻醉后出现呼吸道管理危机,未预料的困难气道并支气管痉挛致诱导后苏醒延迟。
 
由此提示,充分的术前气道评估是及时发现困难气道,降低未预料困难气道发生的重要手段,不仅要重视体格检查,还要关注病史及辅助检查。在2017版困难气道管理指南中还提及对可疑困难气道,行可视喉镜/可视插管软镜检查和评估。因此,哪怕ASAⅠ级的全麻患者也不能忽视术前气道的全面评估。更重要是麻醉危机事件的管理,结合自己医院的条件和具体情况,参照困难气道管理指南,制定适合自己团队的困难气道处理流程,通过麻醉危机事件演练,加强麻醉危机管理的意识和能力,提升专业素养。
 
原始出处:

黄伟,贾志勇,杨春华.未预料的困难气道并支气管痉挛致苏醒延迟1例[J].麻醉安全与质控,2019(01):36-37.

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    2020-02-06 apoenzyme
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