肝门静脉积气征——少见的“死神”影像学征象

2020-04-13 放射沙龙 放射沙龙

患者女,74岁,因“寒颤、腹部不适2周”就诊。

患者女,74岁,因“寒颤、腹部不适2周”就诊。

实验室指标提示炎症标志物升高,肝功表现为胆汁淤积。

腹部超声和磁共振胰胆管成像未见明显异常。CT提示:肝门静脉积气(HPVG) ,左腰大肌脓肿。

此时患者诊断可明确为:肝门静脉积气。

因患者临床表现迅速恶化,对其进行了急诊手术。术中发现患者伴有憩室脓肿和肠系膜下静脉破裂。最终对患者进行肠切除术+结肠造口术,术后患者恢复得很好。

让我们再来看一个特殊的病例

女性,头晕、腹痛2天,血象白细胞增高(2万多),入院时血压低,收治于ICU。血糖54.6,酸中毒。据说病情进展很快,片子很罕见,但是基本看一眼就忘不了。现在我们来一起看看患者的CT吧。

患者CT:死神之征

一、“死神之征”是什么?

一种少见的影像学征象

肝门静脉积气(hepatic portal venous gas,PVG)是指由于各种原因导致气体在门静脉及其肝内门静脉分支异常积聚形成的影像学征象,是一种少见的影像学征象。


肝门静脉积气CT:沿着门脉走行的枯枝样低密度影

门静脉积气本身是独立的病变,造成门静脉积气的原因有很多,病因不同其预后也不相同。最常见于肠缺血和坏死。败血症、腹部感染等非消化道病变也会出现该征象,另约有15%的PVG为特发性。

超声表现

灰阶超声上,气体因其高声阻抗而表现为灶状高回声,因此 HPVG 表现为肝门静脉内和(或)肝实质内的斑点状显著高回声,后无声影,并可沿门静脉的正常生理血流方向(向肝)而流动(图 1 和视频 1)。


图 1. 68 岁男性患者的肝门静脉气体。右肋下横切面(A)和矢状切面(B)二维声像图示肝实质的多个斑点状高回声,后无声影


若肝内积气量较大,因气体引发的混响伪像可能导致肝内门静脉显示模糊不清,经二维超声直接观察门静脉效果不佳。

此外,二维超声上,肝内门静脉积气不易与胆道积气、肝静脉积气和肝实质内积气(气肿性肝脓肿)区分开来,这些病变均可表现为与 HPVG 相似的肝内高回声。尽管有研究认为,HPVG 更倾向于外周分布,且积气常暂时存在,可用以鉴别,然而若肝内存在大量气体,该特征并不准确,因而常模糊地描述为 “肝内气体”。

多普勒超声

彩色多普勒上,HPVG 可表现为门静脉内湍流。频谱多普勒检查时,将取样容积置于门静脉内,则可表现为叠加在门静脉频谱上的双向、锐利、垂直的 “尖峰”,这是由于气泡流经声束时,气泡与血液间的高声阻抗不连续出现所致。

多普勒超声显示 HPVG 比二维超声更具特异性,静止或缓慢流动的气泡在多普勒超声上并不显示有类似的尖峰或湍流。

若检查时患者无法配合控制呼吸,将多普勒取样容积放置在门静脉处可能并不容易,多普勒频谱则可能无法显示典型的双向高幅垂直尖峰波形。此外,若肝实质内气体过多遮住门静脉,多普勒超声也失去价值。

M 型超声

M 超具有较高的时间分辨率,作为二维和多普勒超声的补充,最常用于心脏检查,既往很少用于腹部。

既往曾有其他作者(Ikeda 等)使用 M 型超声检查潜水后的心腔内气体。本文作者则选择使用 M 超检测门静脉内气体。

作者发现,在 M 超上,由于门静脉内气泡位置和流动方向变化,可产生线性信号,从而可表现出 “流星雨” 特征 ( 图 2 和图 3 ) ,该特征呈现的也就是门静脉内气泡的流动轨迹。

M 超检测对操作者的依赖相对较低,对 HPVG 检查的限制较少。检查时,将 M 型取样线放置途径门静脉(图 2)或血管外的肝实质(图 3),前者需要患者呼吸配合,而后者不需要。


图 2. 与图 1 为同一患者。肝门静脉气体在 M 型超声上显示方向各异的斜向线样高回声,即 “流星雨” 征(图 A),局部放大后显示得更为清晰(图 B,箭头)。该患者可以配合屏气,图 B 下方的三角箭头示纵隔平滑,并无起伏


图 3. 一名 87 岁易怒患者的肝门静脉积气。图 A 为经右侧腋中线的斜矢状切面显示肝脏内多发无声影的点状高回声,其 M 型曲线上可见方向各异的斜向线样高回声,呈 “流星雨” 征;图 B 为局部放大图像,更清晰显示了 “流星雨” 征,图像下方的三角箭头证实患者无法配合屏气,纵隔起伏

由于 M 超的时间分辨率高于二维和脉冲多普勒,即便气体较少也能观察到。

HPVG 的 “流星雨” 征可在单幅图像上显示 ,易于加入诊断报告中,便于临床医师对影像报告的理解。

二、“死神之征”为什么会发生?

伴随消化道疾病而出现的一种征象

三、跟“死神之征”很像的一个病

PVG需要与胆道积气进行鉴别

PVG是一种罕见的放射学发现,表现为肝周和门肠系膜静脉系统处管状区面积减小,PVG需要与胆道积气进行鉴别:

PVG表现为枯枝状气体样低密度区,气体多位于肝脏边缘和左叶,可能由于肝内门静脉离心方向的血液流动使得气体多位于外周,而胆道积气的位置相对较固定。

胆道积气的气体常位于在肝门区域,以左右肝管为主,多为分散不连续的气体影,由于胆汁的向心方向流动使得胆道积气多位于肝脏中心部位,多伴有胆系手术或胆系感染病史。


图中白色箭头示:胆道积气

四、“死神之征”可怕吗?

定位于和可见于门静脉
节段性分支上,死亡率较高

最近一项对 209 名 PVG 患者的研究发现:年龄>60 岁、腹膜炎体征、高血尿素氮与肠缺血或者肠坏死密切相关。另外,积气发生在特殊门肠系膜静脉系统部位,也就是拱形或者节段性血管(the arcade and segmental vessels),被认为是预后较差的指标。进一步出现肠坏死征象的 PVG 患者,尤其是定位于和可见于门静脉节段性分支上,死亡率较高(>50%)。
病例(↓↓↓)

一名 58 岁的女性,素有慢性肠系膜缺血相关性进展性餐后疼痛和便血,因疼痛加重和发热(38.2℃)来就诊。患者既往史:心肌梗死、吸烟史。

体检显示:弥散性腹部压痛和严重的败血症(脉搏 135bpm,血压 80/40 mmHg)。

实验室检查:白细胞计数增高(22,000/mL),乳酸增高(8.8 mmol/L)。CT 结果(A,B,C)与术中(D)所见请见下图。

(本病例来自网络)

图A:CT 显示大量积气伴肝脏低灌注,以及左侧血管瘤(箭头所指);图B:扩张积气的肠管伴门肠系膜静脉系统积气(箭头所指);图C:弥散性主动脉壁钙化、腹腔干和肠系膜上动脉充盈缺损;图D:对患者施行紧急开腹手术,术中可见门静脉中的积气;另外发现弥散性、不可逆肠梗阻,考虑患者不能治愈。

9 个小时后患者死于多器官衰竭!

治疗

早期的干预对患者来说通常具有更好的预后。治疗方法通常有手术治疗和保守治疗两种。不同的治疗方法主要基于患者的病因及病情。

对于那些生命体征平稳、良性病变引起的、无腹膜炎症状、检查发现积气量少的患者,保守治疗 (禁食、胃肠减压、营养支持、必要的经验性抗感染等综合治疗)是可行的。

合并有呕吐史、年龄>60岁、白细胞增多、脓毒症和酸中毒病史的患者需要进行剖腹探查手术。当保守治疗情况未见明显改善,积极的手术治疗如剖腹探查也能提高患者的生存率。

本文综合整理自:急诊医学资讯、符炜大夫、超声时间、Medsci、黄亮辉等《肝门静脉积气的研究进展》、鼎湖影像,转自影像医学与核医学。

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    2020-08-09 伊万

    见过胆道积气的,门静脉积气的确很凶险

    0

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    2020-08-09 7191286

    见过一例

    0

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    2020-05-22 fusion
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1993831, encodeId=596b19938318e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d327815135f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝门静脉积气征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81513, encryptionId=d327815135f, topicName=肝门静脉积气征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cdcd18, createdName=bshuang, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 06:36:05 CST 2021, time=2021-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807130, encodeId=74ad80e130c5, content=见过胆道积气的,门静脉积气的确很凶险, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200809/5238954bc5414da78f8c9f87760ba8a7/8411b5b68504430bb745381c7ef43831.jpg, createdBy=2e362885232, createdName=伊万, createdTime=Sun Aug 09 19:01:11 CST 2020, time=2020-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807061, encodeId=97a280e061e3, content=见过一例, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c9cd4696281, createdName=7191286, createdTime=Sun Aug 09 09:24:44 CST 2020, time=2020-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1698075, encodeId=d64416980e5cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Fri May 22 22:36:05 CST 2020, time=2020-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1435174, encodeId=ffff14351e4b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d779e14916' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#门静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97149, encryptionId=6d779e14916, topicName=门静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 03:36:05 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=381654, encodeId=2a7a38165421, content=可怕可怕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=13715318322, createdName=邹玉环, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 15:31:39 CST 2020, time=2020-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1993831, encodeId=596b19938318e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d327815135f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝门静脉积气征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81513, encryptionId=d327815135f, topicName=肝门静脉积气征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cdcd18, createdName=bshuang, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 06:36:05 CST 2021, time=2021-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807130, encodeId=74ad80e130c5, content=见过胆道积气的,门静脉积气的确很凶险, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200809/5238954bc5414da78f8c9f87760ba8a7/8411b5b68504430bb745381c7ef43831.jpg, createdBy=2e362885232, createdName=伊万, createdTime=Sun Aug 09 19:01:11 CST 2020, time=2020-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807061, encodeId=97a280e061e3, content=见过一例, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c9cd4696281, createdName=7191286, createdTime=Sun Aug 09 09:24:44 CST 2020, time=2020-08-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1698075, encodeId=d64416980e5cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Fri May 22 22:36:05 CST 2020, time=2020-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1435174, encodeId=ffff14351e4b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d779e14916' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#门静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97149, encryptionId=6d779e14916, topicName=门静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 03:36:05 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=381654, encodeId=2a7a38165421, content=可怕可怕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=13715318322, createdName=邹玉环, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 15:31:39 CST 2020, time=2020-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-04-13 邹玉环

    可怕可怕

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