Cell:历时十年,发现人体骨骼干细胞

2018-09-22 佚名 生物通

历时十年,由斯坦福大学医学院科学家领导的一个研究组终于完成了人体骨骼干细胞鉴定的最新发现。

历时十年,由斯坦福大学医学院科学家领导的一个研究组终于完成了人体骨骼干细胞鉴定的最新发现。

这一研究成果公布在9月20日的Cell杂志上。



来自人体骨骼中分离出来细胞,或者由脂肪中特化细胞产生的细胞可以构建新骨的祖细胞,骨骼内部的海绵基质和软骨,这些组织能令我们的膝盖和其他关节正常发挥作用。

这一发现表明科学家们可以创造出一种对人体骨骼发育和维持至关重要的干细胞家族树,也再生骨骼和软骨的治疗方法铺平了道路。

文章的作者,Michael Longaker说,“每天儿童和成人都需要正常的骨骼,软骨和基质组织。比如说,有7500万美国人患有关节炎。想象一下,如果我们能够将容易获得的脂肪细胞从脂肪抽吸出来,变成可以注入关节的干细胞来制造新的软骨,或者刺激新骨的形成来修复老年人骨折,这将会给人体健康带来极大的益处。”

2015年的发现

2015年,这一研究组在小鼠体内发现了可生成骨、软骨以及骨髓关键组分的干细胞。此外,研究人员还绘制出了可以生成骨骼干细胞,以及引导它们发育为每一种特定组织的化学信号图。

一开始,研究人员将焦点放到了小鼠骨骼末端快速分裂的细胞群上,随后证实了这些细胞群可以形成骨骼的所有组分:骨、软骨和基质——定位在骨中心帮助将造血干细胞转变为血细胞和免疫细胞的海绵组织。通过付出各项努力,他们随后鉴别出了可形成骨骼的所有这些组件的一种细胞类型。

科学家们之后进一步绘制出了骨骼干细胞的发育树,追踪了它们确切是如何转变为中间祖细胞以及最终的各个类型的骨骼组织的。

绘制这一发育树使得研究人员更深入地了解了,生成较特化的祖细胞以及最终高度特化的细胞必须翻转的所有遗传开关。有了这一信息,研究人员能够找到一些因子,在适当的时间给予适当量的这些因子,来引导骨骼干细胞发育为骨、软骨或基质细胞。

2018年的新发现

在最新研究中,研究人员通过分析人类骨骼干细胞的分化潜能,构建了干细胞家族树,为进一步研究潜在的临床应用奠定基础。通过了解小鼠和人类骨骼干细胞之间的相似性和差异,揭示了骨骼形成和区分小鼠和人类骨骼的内在特性的谜团。

“现在我们可以开始理解为什么人体骨骼比小鼠更密集,或者说为什么人体骨骼如此之大,”Longaker说。

而且更重要的是,研究人员发现人体骨骼干细胞表达在已知调节骨形成的Wnt信号通路中有活性的基因,而小鼠骨骼干细胞则不会。

然而,研究人员的最终目标是找到一种在临床中使用人体骨骼干细胞的方法。Longaker设想未来通过关节镜(arthroscopy,一种微创手术,可视化和治疗受损的软骨,生物通注)检查,注射骨骼干细胞,生成新的软骨。

“我希望在未来十年左右的时间内,这种细胞来源将成为关节镜和再生医学领域的改变者,”Longaker说,“美国的人口迅速老龄化,每年接受近200万次关节置换。如果我们可以将这种干细胞用于相对无创的治疗,那时才是梦想成真。”

原始出处:Charles K.F. Chan, Gunsagar S. Gulati, Rahul Sinha, et al. Identification of the Human Skeletal Stem Cell. Cell. September 20, 2018

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    2019-08-15 维他命
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    2018-09-27 Dr.feng1995

    为治疗提供新思路

    0