经验性治疗我们应该考虑ESBLs?

2018-10-05 周警 重症医学

多重耐药革兰阴性菌的日渐增多,代表着在易于发生感染的危重患者中抗感染问题日渐凸显。革兰阴性菌最重要的耐药机制之一是产生β-内酰胺酶水解β-内酰胺类抗生素的β-内酰胺环。ESBLs是β-内酰胺酶中最广谱的,能够导致菌株对第三代头孢菌素类和单环内酰胺类抗生素耐药,而除外碳青霉烯类。质粒编码的ESBLs容易在肠杆菌科菌株间传播,主要是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌。


产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌的流行病

多重耐药革兰阴性菌的日渐增多,代表着在易于发生感染的危重患者中抗感染问题日渐凸显。革兰阴性菌最重要的耐药机制之一是产生β-内酰胺酶水解β-内酰胺类抗生素的β-内酰胺环。ESBLs是β-内酰胺酶中最广谱的,能够导致菌株对第三代头孢菌素类和单环内酰胺类抗生素耐药,而除外碳青霉烯类。质粒编码的ESBLs容易在肠杆菌科菌株间传播,主要是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌。

最近的一项耐药监测显示,产ESBLs的肠杆科菌株亚洲所占比例最高,达42%,其次是中东地区达32%,拉丁美洲占28%,欧洲为18%,非洲为14%,北美为7.5%。在欧洲的22个国家中有13-17个国家报道了在2014年85%-100%大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是产ESBLs的菌株,在东部地区耐药水平最高。在美国和欧洲的ICU中,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌呈逐渐上升趋势,而产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌是明显上升的。(从2009年的27.5%上升到2011年的41.8%,P=0.015)。

ESBLs的危险因素与足疗程抗菌治疗

数个研究,主要是回顾性研究显示,在ICU血行感染病人中,产ESBLs菌株较非产ESBLs菌株的感染死亡率高和住院时间长。研究还提示造成死亡率增加主要与抗生素治疗的疗程不够有关,与细菌的毒力增加没有直接相关性。相反地,早期有效的抗生素治疗反而能改善临床预后,特别是在危重患者中。而对于产ESBLs的肠杆菌严重感染患者实施足疗程的经验性治疗是具有挑战性的,因为该菌往往对这些经典抗菌药是不敏感的。但是,广谱抗菌药的过度使用可能带来后续的选择性耐药的出现和其他不良反应。因此,对于产ESBLs的肠杆菌感染患者慎重选择经验性治疗的抗菌药是非常重要的。临床医生应该从临床环境、地域特点、流行病学、个体危险因素方面评估感染ESBL病原体的可能。

社区获得性产ESBLs病原体定值或感染越来越普遍,患者存在一些感染危险因素(如图1)。肠道是ESBL肠杆菌的最主要来源。有旅游史的病人,特别是拉丁美洲(除了加勒比海)、中东地区(包括埃及)、东南亚和中国,内科医生需要引起警惕。除外,对于来自难民营的病人需要考虑新发病原体感染的可能。

先前的两篇病例对照研究对住院患者ESBL病原体感染可能进行量化评分。两篇研究显示≥3分表现为高敏感性但是低特异性,提示对于重症患者可能有一定价值。

院内感染ESBL肠杆菌的风险是不同的,这与流行病学和患者感染危险因素有关。ICU患者ESBL肠杆菌定植发展为ESBL肠杆菌感染的比例非常高,占15-25%。但是,对ESBL肠杆菌携带者经验性的滥用碳青霉烯类增加了碳青霉烯类暴露和延长住院时间,因此增强了ICU中的抗生素选择压力。

研究指出,除了具有ESBL菌定植或感染史,流行地区旅游史是ESBL菌感染的危险因素,医院和医疗保健单位住院史,长时间使用侵入性设备或血管置管,年龄大,近期广谱抗生素暴露,特别是第三代头孢和喹诺酮类,都是感染的危险因素。决策树状图具有较高阳性和阴性预测价值(大约90%)。对ICU可疑ESBL感染的临床决策流程图如下图所示。

产ESBL菌感染患者(重症感染和/或感染性休克)碳青霉烯类是经验性抗生素的选择。最近一项研究指出,作为经验性用药和目标治疗ESBL肠杆菌,厄他培南与其他碳青霉烯类都具有很好的抗菌效果。但是,对于感染性休克的重症患者常规剂量的药物可能不足以达到与抗菌活性相关的PK/PD目标。在重症患者中,更高剂量(2g/24h)或者缩短给药间隔或持续输注可能才能保证理想的血药浓度。

在革兰阴性菌中碳青霉烯类耐药的出现和快速传播,避免药物过度使用是必须的。最近的一些研究一致提示β-内酰胺/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复方制剂(BLBLI)对肠杆菌抗菌疗效好。非碳青霉烯治疗(如BLBLI)和新型的头孢菌素类/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复方制剂,如头孢洛扎/他唑巴坦和头孢他啶/阿维巴坦未来可能作为治疗ESBL菌感染的选择,但是,还需要更多的产ESBL菌严重感染的研究数据。

图1

注:ESBL超广谱β-内酰胺酶;CST 非碳青霉烯治疗方案(哌拉西林/他唑巴坦或头孢他啶/头孢吡肟±氨基糖苷类或抗生素选择根据当地流行病学特征)

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    2019-01-25 TZF0814
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1704933, encodeId=9c841e0493305, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4aa56983f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESBLs#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6983, encryptionId=4aa56983f4, topicName=ESBLs)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b34230899075, createdName=TZF0814, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 14:51:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805613, encodeId=d50c18056130b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a47be8513ba' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#经验性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78513, encryptionId=a47be8513ba, topicName=经验性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dcaa509, createdName=tsing_hit, createdTime=Mon Oct 15 14:51:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1785776, encodeId=04fd1e8577693, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=24fa69e9fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESBL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6979, encryptionId=24fa69e9fd, topicName=ESBL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=796422, createdName=lvliquan, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 11:51:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359816, encodeId=34ff359816fa, content=很不错的学习资料,值得借鉴与分享的实际经验,学习了,涨知识,获益匪浅,感谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/02/27/c53a212859edcad4f60a54feffff50bb.jpg, createdBy=67cf1525321, createdName=13718711b3m, createdTime=Sat Feb 02 13:24:04 CST 2019, time=2019-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2019-06-11 lvliquan
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1704933, encodeId=9c841e0493305, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4aa56983f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESBLs#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6983, encryptionId=4aa56983f4, topicName=ESBLs)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b34230899075, createdName=TZF0814, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 14:51:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805613, encodeId=d50c18056130b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a47be8513ba' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#经验性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78513, encryptionId=a47be8513ba, topicName=经验性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dcaa509, createdName=tsing_hit, createdTime=Mon Oct 15 14:51:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1785776, encodeId=04fd1e8577693, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=24fa69e9fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ESBL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6979, encryptionId=24fa69e9fd, topicName=ESBL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=796422, createdName=lvliquan, createdTime=Tue Jun 11 11:51:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359816, encodeId=34ff359816fa, content=很不错的学习资料,值得借鉴与分享的实际经验,学习了,涨知识,获益匪浅,感谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/02/27/c53a212859edcad4f60a54feffff50bb.jpg, createdBy=67cf1525321, createdName=13718711b3m, createdTime=Sat Feb 02 13:24:04 CST 2019, time=2019-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-02 13718711b3m

    很不错的学习资料,值得借鉴与分享的实际经验,学习了,涨知识,获益匪浅,感谢分享!

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