肝淀粉样变性死亡1例

2018-03-06 佚名 临床肝胆病杂志

患者女性,48岁,因“乏力、纳差,伴肝区不适”于2012年4月7日入本院就诊。

【一般资料】

患者女性,48岁,

【主诉】

因“乏力、纳差,伴肝区不适”于2012年4月7日入本院就诊。

【既往史】

无饮酒史与长期用药史。

【体格检查】

慢性肝病面容,全身皮肤及巩膜中度黄染,颈前、胸前发现4~5枚蜘蛛痣;心肺无异常,腹膨隆、触软、无压痛及反跳痛;肝脏剑下及肋下10cm可触及硬块,无触痛、叩击痛,移动性浊音阳性,双下肢轻度水肿。

【辅助检查】

肝肾功能:ALT35U/L,AST147U/L,TBil132.5μmol/L,IBil47.9μmol/L,DBil84.6μmol/L,Alb24.6g/L,Glo53.4g/L,前白蛋白0.01g/L,ALP130U/L,GGT102U/L,胆碱酯酶61U/L,尿素氮2.5mmol/L,肌酐57μmol/L。病毒学检查:HBVDNA7.69×104拷贝/ml,HBsAg>250IU/ml,HBeAg136.04S/CO,抗-HBc11.94S/CO。HAV、HCV、HEV、EBV及巨细胞血清学指标均阴性。血常规:WBC10.43×109/L,中性粒细胞4.2×109/L,淋巴细胞4.8×109/L,RBC2.99×1012/L,Hb101g/L,PLT169×109/L。凝血常规:PT29.3s,PTA27%,INR2.82,活化部分凝血活酶时间69.3s,纤维蛋白原0.86g/L。腹部强化CT:符合肝硬化、肝大、轻度脾大、不均质脂肪肝及慢性胆囊炎CT表现(图1)。

【初步诊断

初步诊断为乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期合并腹水

【治疗】

给予恩替卡韦抗病毒及保肝、退黄、利尿、补充Alb等对症和支持治疗。入院5d出现午后低热,考虑到患者与一般乙型肝炎所致肝硬化的病理特征,如肝脏体积缩小、脾大、功能亢进等明显不同,进一步检查免疫九项、自身免疫相关抗体及骨髓穿刺细胞学检查(图2),仅发现髓象及血象淋巴细胞比例升高,排除自身免疫性肝炎。联系北京中日友好医院行肝穿刺活组织检查,取肝穿刺组织两条(1.0cm和1.4cm),镜下可见肝小叶内广泛性窦周粉染均质物质沉积,沉积物碘酸雪夫(D-PAS)染色阳性(图3a),刚果红染色阳性(图3b)。沉积严重处肝板消失,有的见狭细萎缩肝板残留,少数区域沉积稍轻,肝细胞大部保留。汇管区内可见小胆管、小动脉及门静脉支,间质内亦散见少量散染物沉积。汇管区周围带粉染沉积物之间可见增生的细胆管(图3a),最终诊断为肝淀粉样变性。因患者同时合并有凝血功能障碍,主要给予对症和支持治疗。连续治疗4个月,患者自觉症状改善,胆红素水平下降,肝功能好转,因应用恩替卡韦治疗4个月病毒学应答不佳,2012年8月7日出院后改为恩替卡韦联合阿德福韦酯抗病毒治疗,出院后患者一直应用抗病毒、保肝、降酶、利胆药物治疗。2012年10月3日因“发热后腹胀、乏力20d,伴纳差、恶心、呕吐4d”再次入院。查体可见全身皮肤及巩膜中度黄染,散在瘀斑,心脏听诊可闻及收缩期杂音,全腹明显压痛及反跳痛,腹部强化CT扫描发现肝大,腹部有移动性浊音,双下肢重度水肿。实验室化验显示患者出现肝肾衰竭和电解质紊乱,给予积极抗感染、补液扩容、改善肾脏微循环、利尿及抗病毒等对症治疗,病情进展迅速,呈持续少尿状态,尿素氮及肌酐进行性升高,于2012年10月7日因多脏器功能衰竭死亡。







【讨论】

淀粉样变性的病因与发病机制尚不清楚,一般认为是由于各种原因导致的淀粉样物质沉积于细胞之间、小血管基底膜下或网状纤维支架中,发生在肝脏的约占95%。由于该病发病率低,且临床症状、体征与消化系统疾病具有诸多相似之处,漏诊率极高,干预时间过晚是其预后不良的主要原因之一。在临床诊断方面,其病史、体格检查、实验室检查和影像学特征与酒精性肝硬化、胆汁淤积性肝硬化、肝脏肿瘤及血液系统疾病等存在一定程度的重叠,最终确诊还要依靠肝穿刺活组织检查,淀粉样物质光镜下HE染色呈粉红色,刚果红染色呈橘红色,偏振光显微镜下呈绿色双折光。该患者以纳差、乏力为首发症状,伴有黄疸、肝脏肿大及腹腔积液,胸口可见蜘蛛痣,该症状与多数临床报道一致。肝淀粉样变性患者80%~90%有肝肿大,肝肿大与肝损伤不平行被认为是其重要特点,应引起重视。因患者同时合并肝硬化,肝硬化也可能引起肝肿大,因此尚不能断定是肝淀粉样变性的直接症状。汤善宏等指出,该病的CT影像无特异性,常表现为肝脏弥漫性增大,淀粉样物质沉积部位CT平扫表现为灶性低密度改变;但淀粉样物质可干扰小胆管胆汁排泄,引发胆囊炎的症状,CT下可见本病例也有胆囊炎体征。其次,该患者AST、GGT、ALP及TBil均升高,Alb及胆碱酯酶下降,PT显著延长,既往有研究指出,肝淀粉样变性的肝损伤主要以ALP和GGT明显升高为主,实验室检查可发现蛋白尿,血清或尿中存在单克隆免疫球蛋白轻链,发病后多呈进行性加重,并发重度肝内胆汁淤积,这在单纯的乙型肝炎肝硬化中是较为少见的,一旦发生该特点,也应引起重视。另外,在排除酒精性肝病、自身免疫性肝病、结缔组织病及血液系统疾病的基础上,本例患者初步诊断为乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期,但患者的治疗效果与常见乙型肝炎肝硬化不甚符合,虽为强效低耐药的恩替卡韦初治患者,但效果较差。实质上,抗病毒应答差也是肝淀粉样变性的一个重要特征。因此,患者全身性症状明显,且抗病毒治疗效果不佳时,也应考虑肝淀粉样变性的可能。综上所述,在临床工作中若出现不明原因的肝脏肿大、胆囊炎、肝内胆汁淤积等症状,且对症支持疗效不佳时,应考虑到肝淀粉样变性的可能,必要时行肝穿刺活组织检查以确诊。

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    2018-03-16 彼岸158366

    学习了.很好(?▽?)

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    2018-03-12 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-03-09 虈亣靌

    大肠埃希菌的治疗.

    0

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    2018-03-08 huangdf
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    2018-03-07 yfjms

    学习

    0

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