病例分享:轻中度肾功能不全的ACS治疗1例

2018-01-26 阿拉蕾 中国医学论坛报

肾功能不全对血小板聚集和凝血功能会造成怎样的影响?肾功能不全的ACS患者,PCI术前、术后应如何处理,以降低肾功能恶化风险?同时,应如何选择合理的抗血小板药物?

病例重点

肾功能不全对血小板聚集和凝血功能会造成怎样的影响?肾功能不全的ACS患者,PCI术前、术后应如何处理,以降低肾功能恶化风险?同时,应如何选择合理的抗血小板药物?

病例提供者:王满庆   大庆油田总医院

患者,男,79岁。主诉:阵发性心前区疼痛4年,加重3天。

现病史

患者于4年前劳累时出现心前区疼痛,面积约手掌大小,呈闷痛,疼痛无放散,无恶心、呕吐,无大汗,无咳嗽、咳痰及咯血,休息3至5分钟后可自行缓解,未规则诊治,症状仍旧时有发作。

曾于我院行冠脉造影检查,结果提示:左主干内膜光滑、无狭窄,前降支7段中端狭窄50%,前降支9段中端狭窄80%,血管细小,回旋支11段中端狭窄40%,回旋支13段末狭窄65%、右冠状动脉内膜光滑、无狭窄,左冠脉优势型。当时未予以冠脉介入治疗。

3天前患者无明显诱因再次出现上述症状,疼痛无放散,无恶心、呕吐等伴随症状,但是程度较前加重,发作次数较前频繁,每天发作1至2次,持续时间较前延长,每次持续10至20分钟或口服硝酸甘油5至10分钟后可缓解。

既往史

高血压病史1年,血压最高160/100 mmHg,间断服用“硝苯地平、厄贝沙坦”等药物(具体用量不详),血压控制情况不详。

糖尿病史20余年,现使用胰岛素(具体不详)早20 u-晚18 u,联合二甲双胍(具体用量不详),自述血糖控制可;近期辅助检查提示存在轻、中度肾功能不全,未规则用药。

体格检查

T:36.0℃,P:74次/分,R:20次/分,BP:150/80 mmHg。神清,颈软,未见颈静脉充盈。双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿罗音。心界无扩大,心率:74次/分,节律整齐,S1弱,A2> P2,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音及额外心音。腹软,无压痛,双下肢无浮肿。

辅助检查

心肌酶谱:(-)。

心电图




1、冠心病,不稳定性心绞痛,心律失常,完全性左束支传导阻滞;2、高血压病;3、2型糖尿病糖尿病肾病。

风险评分

Grace评分:133,Crusade评分:46,高危。

治疗经过

术前用药:氯化钠 100ml/h ,静脉输液24小时;阿斯匹林 300 mg,氯吡格雷 300 mg,阿托伐他汀 20 mg,泮托拉唑口服。

对LCX行PCI术治疗,动脉推注肝素7000 U,选择Launcher导引导管(EBU3.0),在导丝导引下,放置到左冠状动脉口。选择BMW导丝通过病变部位至LCX远端,选择Sapphire球囊(2.5×15 mm),用6 atm扩张LCX病变部位,扩张后见残留狭窄30%,在LCX内植入Excell药物洗脱支架(2.5×14 mm),用14 atm释放支架,术后残余狭窄0%,血流TIMI 3级。手术用优维显-370造影剂100 ml。

术后用药:阿司匹林 100 mg qd;氯吡格雷 75 mg,qd;阿托伐他汀 20 mg qn;富马酸比索洛尔 5 mg qd;培哚普利 4 mg qd;泮托拉唑 20 mg bid,胰岛素控制血糖 。

术后随访,患者肾功能未见恶化,胸痛缓解,无呼吸困难等症状。

主要PCI图






临床思辨

GRACE评分是一种快速且适用范围较广的心血管风险评估方法,便于对ACS患者进行分层。GRACE评估低分组,正常、单支病 变或双支冠脉病变较多,三支病变较少,需要接受血运重建的比例较低。

随着 GRACE分值升高,冠脉病变支数及程度逐渐增加,需要接受血运重建的比例也升高。

给予患者抗栓治疗的同时,需要平衡临床获益和出血风险,优化用药方案。2010年ESC心肌血运重建指南中强调,出血可导致结局恶化,可通过以下措施降低风险:

1、规范化评估并记录患者的出血风险,避免交叉使用普通肝素和低分子肝素;2、基于体质量和肾功能调整抗栓药物剂量;3、出血高危患者使用桡动脉通路,注意抗凝药物剂量。

2007年ESC-ACS指南及2008年抗栓指南中均给予磺达肝癸钠IA级推荐。双联抗血小板治疗能够显着减少主要心血管终点事件。然而,临床工作中常遇到双联抗血小板治疗过程中发生上消化道出血,合用质子泵抑制剂,能降低出血风险。

对于已存在轻、中度肾功能不全的ACS患者,必须在介入治疗时采取保护肾脏的措施,以改善总体疗效,充分补液(饮水、静脉输液)最为重要。同时,选择适当的造影剂,并尽量减少造影剂用量也是预防肾功能恶化、改善预后的关键。

该患者为ACS合并糖尿病、糖尿病肾病,Grace评估中危,Crusade评估高危,PCI术前予以氯吡格雷300 mg负荷剂量,避免低分子肝素与普通肝素合用,未使用IIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂。此外,术前、术后均充分水化,予以抗血小板联合PPI保护胃黏膜,并定期随访肾功能。

用药小贴士

肾功能不全影响血小板聚集和凝血功能,肾脏排泄能力减低影响抗血小板药物代谢。因此,肾功能不全是出血高危因素,应用抗血小板药物前须进行肾功能评估和出血风险评估。

GRACE注册研究显示,合并CKD可增加ACS患者院内死亡、心肌梗死卒中和大出血的风险。并且,随着CKD严重程度增加,上述风险成倍升高。

PLATO研究中,使用抗血小板药物治疗1个月和12个月,相较基线水平,替格瑞洛组患者的肌酐升高比例(%)高于氯吡格雷组(10±22 vs 8±21,11±22 vs 9±21,P<0.001)。

使用抗血小板药物时,需要特别关注年龄≥75岁、中度/重度肾损害和接受ARB合并治疗的患者,监测肾功能水平。

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    2018-05-07 yese
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    2018-01-28 yaanren
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1850654, encodeId=863c185065458, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=46c682469e4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82469, encryptionId=46c682469e4, topicName=肾功能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28d456, createdName=yese, createdTime=Mon May 07 10:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1279227, encodeId=503b12e9227d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=316d1882bc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1882, encryptionId=316d1882bc, topicName=ACS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=102a153, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sun Jan 28 14:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1285019, encodeId=3f5f1285019e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=db45824e11f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能不全#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82471, encryptionId=db45824e11f, topicName=肾功能不全)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b79433, createdName=jiangjun073, createdTime=Sun Jan 28 14:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282411, encodeId=b3e228241129, content=了解了解.学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jan 27 04:54:40 CST 2018, time=2018-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282402, encodeId=f7ee28240202, content=非常好.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Sat Jan 27 04:34:27 CST 2018, time=2018-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282382, encodeId=e3552823822e, content=厉害了我的哥不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Sat Jan 27 00:45:12 CST 2018, time=2018-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-27 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.学习学习

    0

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    2018-01-27 swfzhanggui

    非常好.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-01-27 飛歌

    厉害了我的哥不错

    0

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