Cancer:4万人队列显示指南推荐的疗法对50岁以下直肠癌患者没有益处

2018-07-29 奇点糕 奇点网

结直肠癌在美国是发病第三高的癌症,在中国也是。大多数直肠癌患者都是50岁以上发病的,随着筛查的普及,这部分人群的直肠癌发病率也在逐年下降,但是50岁以下的年轻人中直肠癌发病却在上升。而且随着治疗措施的进步和筛查的普及,直肠癌的死亡率这些年下降了不少,但在50岁以下的年轻患者中死亡率却上升了。

结直肠癌在美国是发病第三高的癌症,在中国也是。大多数直肠癌患者都是50岁以上发病的,随着筛查的普及,这部分人群的直肠癌发病率也在逐年下降,但是50岁以下的年轻人中直肠癌发病却在上升。而且随着治疗措施的进步和筛查的普及,直肠癌的死亡率这些年下降了不少,但在50岁以下的年轻患者中死亡率却上升了。

如果说年轻患者的发病率上升是直肠癌的筛查普及了,诊断技术提高了,发现的早了,那死亡率的升高该如何解释呢?

事出反常必有妖。为此,美国佛罗里达大学的Atif Iqbal带领团队,对国家肿瘤数据库(NCDB)中的数据进行了回顾性研究。


文章通讯作者 Atif Iqbal

研究涵盖了2004到2014年间确诊的4万余名患者,其中9千余人不满50岁。除了肿瘤分期、分化程度这些病理结果,调查还包括了性别、种族、收入、保险、就诊医院、居住地等诸多影响因素。

总体来说,相比50岁以上的患者,50岁以下的患者基础疾病更少,治疗较为积极,死亡率比起50岁以上的患者还是要低一些。

年轻患者的预后好,这很符合常识。不过到底是什么导致年轻患者死亡率逐年升高呢?研究人员吧目光转向了他们的治疗方式。

美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)指南推荐,对Ⅰ期直肠癌仅行手术切除,而对Ⅱ、Ⅲ期的直肠癌使用全肠系膜切除术联合放化疗。

不过也不是所有患者都是按指南推荐的疗法治疗的。Ⅰ期患者中,50岁以下的有接近2/3接受了放疗或化疗,50岁以上的患者中接受放化疗的也接近一半。在指南推荐进行辅助放化疗的Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者中,也有一些患者没有接受指南推荐的放化疗。

研究人员发现NCCN的指南整体上来说还是很成功的,对Ⅰ期患者和50岁以上的Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者,按指南治疗的患者生存率都要高于没按指南治疗的。尤其是50岁以上的Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者,指南推荐的疗法让他们的生存率提高了14%。

唯一的例外就是不到50岁的Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者,是否按指南治疗对他们的生存率没有明显影响。


NCCN推荐的疗法对50以下患者没有作用

也就是说,对50岁以下的患者,辅助放化疗要么有害(Ⅰ期),要么无效(Ⅱ、Ⅲ期)。

文章作者Atif Iqbal认为: “这些研究结果可能有助于刺激未来重点关注年轻的患者群体的研究,取消对年轻患者的化疗可能有助于减少并发症。”

放化疗毕竟不同于其他的治疗,在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时也会对正常组织细胞造成一定的损伤。比如术前放疗就会造成腹泻、皮肤病、排尿问题、疲劳、性功能障碍和疼痛等副作用,还会延缓术后的恢复。而肠癌常用的FOLFOX化疗方案不仅时间长,其中所用的奥沙利铂还会使90%左右的患者出现周围神经病变。

类似的差别在结肠癌中也存在。有研究表明,早发和晚发的结肠癌中,有13个基因突变的频率存在很大差异。早发的直肠癌是不是也有着不同的生物学特性呢?

虽说NCDB并没有记录肿瘤的基因数据,但从其他地方我们还是可以略窥一二。研究人员发现,在较年轻的患者中,女性和少数族裔较多,而且相对于老年患者,他们肿瘤发现的较晚,恶性程度也更高。


50岁以下患者中,高恶性度的印戒细胞癌比例较高

这些差异中,年轻患者肿瘤发现的晚可能是因为50岁以上的人才会被推荐去进行结直肠癌筛查。而其他的差异似乎在暗示我们早发的直肠癌确实有着不同的生物学特性,因此对治疗的反应也不同。

当然,仅凭这个队列研究去修改指南是不够的。文章作者George Chang 表示:“虽然这些数据都是观察性的,但他们说明应该对年轻时起病的患者进行特别针对临床试验,以找出效果更好的疗法,并更好的理解早发和迟发直肠癌之间潜在的生物学差异。”

各种肿瘤发病年龄都有年轻化的趋势,其他肿瘤中是不是也存在这种不同发病年龄间的差异呢?精准医疗任重道远啊。

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    2018-08-04 liumin1987

    挑战指南了。

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    2018-07-30 神功盖世

    学习

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    2018-07-30 sunfeifeiyang

    学习

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    2018-07-30 sunfeifeiyang

    学习

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    2018-07-29 神功盖世

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