NJEM:免疫检查点抑制剂联合阿西替尼,治疗晚期肾癌显疗效

2019-03-31 Yifan 大医编

过去12年中,转移性肾细胞癌的治疗已经彻底改变了两次。临床数据显示血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)抑制可以诱导肿瘤缩小并增加无进展生存期,而免疫检查点抑制剂可以诱导持久反应并增加这种癌症患者的总体生存率。

过去12年中,转移性肾细胞癌的治疗已经彻底改变了两次。临床数据显示血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)抑制可以诱导肿瘤缩小并增加无进展生存期,而免疫检查点抑制剂可以诱导持久反应并增加这种癌症患者的总体生存率。因此,转移性肾细胞癌治疗指南发生了巨大变化,主要推荐的就是针对这两种主要途径的药物。

2007年,一项试验表明,舒尼替尼是一种具有强效VEGF抑制作用的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,优于干扰素α,成为晚期肾癌一线治疗的新标准。

PD-1/PD-L1的临床结果同样喜人。2015年,一项试验表明,纳武单抗(nivolumab)比依维莫司更有效,在一线VEGF抑制剂失效后,纳武单抗迅速成为二线治疗的标准治疗方法。2018年则发现,PD-1和CTLA-4两种免疫检查点抑制剂nivolumab和ipilimumab的组合显示出比舒尼替尼更好的功效。这种组合最近得到了美国食品药品管理局和欧洲药品管理局的批准,主要针对中危和低危患者。

最近,新英格兰又报道了2项大型III期临床试验的结果。一项试验比较了avelumab,一种程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)抑制剂,加上阿西替尼和舒尼替尼的疗效,另一项试验比较了pembrolizumab,一种程序性死亡1(PD-1)抑制剂,加上阿西替尼和舒尼替尼的那种。这些试验的主要终点略有不同。

在Motzer等人的试验中,主要终点是PD-L1阳性转移性肾细胞癌患者的无进展生存期和总生存期,而在Rini等人的试验中,意向治疗人群的无进展和总生存率是主要终点。值得注意的是,这两项试验均取得了积极成果,并且在无进展生存率和客观缓解率方面表现出优于舒尼替尼的优势。pembrolizumab试验也显示出对总体存活率的益处。预计这两种组合将成为新的治疗标准,并纳入未来的指南。

这些研究提出了3个问题。第一个问题是抑制PD-1和PD-L1是否与阿西替尼协同作用以及阿西替尼在这些组合中的作用是什么——在一项涉及213例转移性肾细胞癌患者的大型II期试验中,Axitinib被证明是一种有效的选择性VEGF抑制剂,具有优异的抗肿瘤活性。在该试验中,中位无进展生存期为14.5个月,客观缓解率为48%。在目前的试验中,对照组采用阿西替尼单药治疗可以提供非常有益的信息,以确保pembrolizumab和avelumab对观察到的结果有临床意义。

(图:联合治疗与舒尼替尼治疗转移性肾细胞癌患者的比较)

第二个问题是将来会使用哪种组合。两项试验以及最近的nivolumab加ipilimumab试验都有相同的对照组(舒尼替尼)。Pembrolizumab联合阿西替尼,和avelumab联合阿西替尼试验之间的比较表明,无进展生存率和客观缓解率非常相似,尽管pembrolizumab试验中有利风险患者的比例较高。然而,尽管两项试验的随访相似,但pembrolizumab试验的患者总生存期明显长于avelumab试验,这可能是由于PD-1抑制的长期影响。随着更长时间的随访,观察avelumab试验的总生存率是否会增加将是非常有趣的。与这两项目前的试验相反,nivolumab加ipilimumab的试验未显示无进展生存期的显着增加,尽管总生存率显着增加,更重要的是,该试验中患者的完全反应率很高。

第三个问题是这三项试验的亚组分析能否帮助肿瘤学家选择最佳组合。最近的一些数据表明,血管生成、T细胞的效应的反应、干扰素γ反应和炎症基因集可以有助于预测VEGF抑制剂、PD-1和PD-L1的响应。以前,有人提出PD-L1阳性也可能预测免疫检查点抑制剂的效力增加。尽管用于评估阳性的测试在三个试验的每一个中都非常不同,但是nivolumab加ipilimumab在PD-L1阳性转移性肾细胞癌中的效率非常高,并且将必须得到前瞻性证实。

原始出处:Robert J. Motzer, Konstantin Penkov, John Haanen, et al. Avelumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. NEJM. March 21, 2019

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    2019-04-01 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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    2019-04-01 内科新手

    谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多

    0

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