Nat Commun:反毒为药!河豚毒素或许成为新一代精准局部麻醉剂

2019-06-16 杜贝贝 生物探索

河豚,长相可爱,肉质鲜美,一直是日料餐桌上“难得一口”的美味。是的,这“难”就难在它的体内充满致命毒素!误食一口可能就会付出生命的代价。

河豚,长相可爱,肉质鲜美,一直是日料餐桌上“难得一口”的美味。是的,这“难”就难在它的体内充满致命毒素!误食一口可能就会付出生命的代价。



但,不得不说情人眼里出西施,这一致命的河豚毒素在医学研究者眼中可是“难得一见”的心头肉!不怕告诉你,粉上它的原因就是:这种致命毒素竟然具有抗击疼痛的神奇能力!

最近,来自波士顿儿童医院和哈佛大学医学院的研究人员们在《Nature Communications》杂志上更新了对这一神奇能力的最新研究成果。他们发现,河豚毒素中含有少量的缓释制剂,能够有效抑制神经传递疼痛信息的通道,对于开发局部麻醉剂具有临床和科学意义。同时,这种抑制作用不仅安全性高,针对性强,还持久性好,副作用少,能够有效规避目前临床类阿片类药物的不足。

“反毒为药”的猜想

河豚毒素,学名叫做tetrodotoxin(TTX),是一种天然的钠通道阻滞剂(S1SCB),通过堵塞细胞膜上的通路来阻止信息传递。也正是这一特殊性成就了河豚的“致命”魅力!一旦你误食其带有毒性的肉质,便能够在超强持久力的毒素释放中造成横膈膜瘫痪,直至窒息和死亡。

但让人觉得不可思议地是,这种“毒性”竟然在理论上可谓是疼痛抑制剂的“上乘之选”!


Daniel Kohane博士 图片来源:波士顿儿童医院

于是,波士顿儿童医院生物材料和药物输送实验室主任Daniel Kohane博士根据自身多年对神经毒素的研究,想到:如果尝试将河豚毒素精准投放到受损组织中,并控制其阻断钠离子通路的速率,或许就能 “反毒为药”,发挥它在止痛上的新优势。

他还惊喜的发现,“与人工制药不同的是,这种天然的钠通道阻滞剂似乎不会引起癫痫发作或心律失常,并且没有太多局部组织毒性,这将是突破传统局部麻醉药新思路。”

局部“控毒”成为试验关键

说干就干!Kohane博士与同样对河豚毒素感兴趣的Chao Zhao博士、Andong Liu博士一拍即合,立马组织起团队验证这一猜想。



研究人员们尝试了多种方法来验证猜想。 然而,让人沮丧的是,由于毒性太强试验不断失败。这让Kohane博士意识到,如何减轻其毒性成为巨大的挑战。同时,研究人员们还发现,如果要控制其毒性,不仅要控制TTX的载药量,还需要控制其渗透的速率。

因此,研究人员们基于此事实,改进了试验的方法。他们依据聚合物的亲水性来调节TTX的释放速率的知识,选择将TTX结合到三醇二羧酸和乙二醇的聚合物“骨架”上,形成强大的“增强渗透“化学键。并将其注入大鼠的坐骨神经中,通过体内的酯键发挥天然水解作用, 化解该化学键,进而控制毒素释放的速率,最终将毒素安全且精准的投放到目标组织中。



Kohane博士对此方法解释到:“使用增强剂,可以让无效的药物浓度变得有效,但不会增加全身毒性。”

没有副作用的疼痛缓解药物

在试验过程中,研究人员们还惊喜的发现, 80μg的TTX竟然能够起到神经阻滞作用长达三天之久。这简直就是临床试验梦寐以求的福利啊!



Kohane博士兴奋地表示:“我们所展示的是,可以通过控制其剂量或释放速率得到一系列不同时长的神经阻滞,适合不同临床试验的需要。例如,医生可以用它麻醉病人,以至于做完一台手术不用多次加注麻药。 饱受癌症疼痛折磨的人也可以通过它抑制痛苦,而这个时长当然是越久越好。“

当然,我们还有不得不考虑的问题, 那就是这一疼痛缓解剂是否会有副作用。总所周知,阿片类药物作为目前常用的疼痛管理药物,它的滥用常常导致多种神经问题,严重时还会造成死亡。在本次试验中,研究人员们也关注到了副作用这一问题,在接受多种剂量注射的大鼠模型中,并未出现任何死亡,甚至坐骨神经中也并没有出现对侧运动功能障碍。



Kohane博士也在一次采访中也提及此事,他说:“我们给大鼠注射了含有20μg河豚毒素的聚合物,这剂量足以杀死它们10次以上,但结果却是他们没有任何毒性迹象。所以这些东西真的很安全。“

研究人员们对此研究结果都充满希望。他们认为,这将成为精准治疗局部慢性疼痛的新方法。也相信这项技术具有可扩展性,能够被广泛用于临床试验中。

还是那句话,不是世间缺少美,而是我们缺少发现美的眼睛。如果你在实验室抓耳挠腮没有新的解决办法时,请推开实验室的门,走向大自然,它总会告诉我们更好的方法来帮我们解决难题。

原始出处:Chao Zhao, Andong Liu, Claudia M. Santamaria, et al. Polymer-tetrodotoxin conjugates to induce prolonged duration local anesthesia with minimal toxicity. Nat Commun. 12 June 2019

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    2019-09-28 liuli5079
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    2019-09-23 liye789132251
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    2019-06-18 chg122
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