Nature:解密明星抑癌基因BRCA1/2

2014-05-09 katelar 手牵手博客站

肿瘤抑制基因BRCA1或BRCA2发生遗传突变是迄今为止人类遗传性癌症风险最常见的一个促进因子,往往在年轻的育龄妇女中引起乳腺癌或卵巢癌。尽管科学家们曾尝试在活体哺乳动物中测试BRCA基因,以阐明其在调控与基因组复制相关的一个修复过程中所起的作用,却一直难以做到。现在,来自贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心(Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,BIDMC)的研究人员报告

肿瘤抑制基因BRCA1或BRCA2发生遗传突变是迄今为止人类遗传性癌症风险最常见的一个促进因子,往往在年轻的育龄妇女中引起乳腺癌或卵巢癌。尽管科学家们曾尝试在活体哺乳动物中测试BRCA基因,以阐明其在调控与基因组复制相关的一个修复过程中所起的作用,却一直难以做到。

现在,来自贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心(Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,BIDMC)的研究人员报告称,发现了BRCA基因缺失可以加速促癌染色体重排的一个新机制。新研究结果解释了,丧失BRCA1或BRCA2的功能是如何导致同源重组(HR)受损,并促进了有缺陷、易出错的同源重组修复的。

发表在4月28日《自然》(Nature)杂志上的这一研究发现,有可能最终为临床医生提供有价值的新信息,帮助他们在面对意义不明确的BRCA突变时确定风险,指导患者治疗,并为开发出抗癌疗法提供了一个潜在的、有价值的新工具。

资深作者、BIDMC 癌症中心乳腺癌肿瘤学项目负责人、哈佛医学院医学副教授Ralph Scully 博士说:“BRCA基因突变可引起乳腺癌和卵巢癌,在美国和全球这两类癌症累及成千上万的妇女,往往导致正值壮年的这些女性患病。近20年来,科学家们一直在致力于更好地了解BRCA1和BRCA2的肿瘤抑制功能。”

在DNA复制过程中DNA链经常出现潜在有害的断裂。当这样的断裂发生之时复制叉会停顿在DNA损伤位点。如果不能得到适当地修复,DNA断裂会导致基因组失去稳定,引发癌症和其他疾病。

Scully说:“几年前,我们和其他的研究人员证实,BRCA1和BRCA2在复制停顿位点调控了同源重组。我们认为,这一功能对于这些基因抑制乳腺癌和卵巢癌至关重要。然而直到现在,我们才获得一些必要的工具在分子细节上研究活体哺乳动物细胞染色体上复制叉停顿位点的同源重组过程。”

为了解决这一问题,论文的第一作者、Scully实验室的博士后工作人员Nicholas Willis利用在细菌中进化的一种蛋白质-DNA复合物构建出了一个新工具。

Willis说:“我们发现可以操控大肠杆菌的Tus/Ter复合物在小鼠细胞中诱导位点特异性复制叉停顿和染色体同源重组。大肠杆菌这一标准科学模式生物进化出了一种非常简单的系统以一种位点特异性的方式捕获复制叉。这一系统是由称作为Ter位点的短DNA元件所构成,这一元件长度为21-23个碱基对,被Tus蛋白紧密结合。Tus以极高的亲和力结合这些Ter元件,在复制叉靠近时其成为了复制叉沿着DNA前进的一个障碍。Tus/Ter有效地设置了一个‘路障’,使得复制叉停顿。”

研究人员发现,当缺失BRCA1或BRCA2时,在Tus/Ter停顿复制叉处触发的异常同源重组事件频率比正常细胞增高。研究人员知道在这一位点他们观察到了BRCA基因缺失促进癌症的一个新的重要过程。

Scully说,这一研究发现为基础科学和临床之间架起了一座有前景的桥梁。“有时候遗传测序检测会揭示出一种不确定与癌症相关的BRCA1或BRCA2突变。往往被描述为‘不确定意义的变异(Variants of Uncertain Significance,VUS)’, 这些突变在健康妇女或是罹患乳腺癌或卵巢癌的妇女中都不具有足够高的频率。仔细检测BRCA1和BRCA2 VUS突变体的同源重组功能或许可帮助将它们归类为高风险或低风险组。”

此外,他补充道,了解在停顿复制叉位点同源重组的一些调控机制有可能为开发出一些新型的癌症疗法带来希望。Scully说:“如果我们能够利用这一工具来帮助开发出一些新的癌症疗法,这将是一个大满贯。新系统或许还可用于基因组编辑,这被视作是开发新基因疗法的开创性新技术中。”


原始出处:

Nicholas A. Willis, Gurushankar Chandramouly, Bin Huang, Amy Kwok, Cindy Follonier, Chuxia Deng& Ralph Scully. BRCA1 controls homologous recombination at Tus/Ter-stalled mammalian replication forks.Nature, 28 April 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13295

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    2014-10-05 liye789132251
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    2014-05-11 fangcong
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来自斯坦福大学医学院的研究人员发现,膀胱粘膜的一种细胞类型导致了大多数的浸润性膀胱癌病例。这项在小鼠中完成的研究首次指出一种正常的细胞类型可以导致浸润性的膀胱癌。它也第一次证实了大多数的膀胱癌及相关癌前病变是由一种细胞所引起,揭示了许多人类膀胱癌在治疗后复发的原因。 研究的资深作者、生物化学和发育生物学教授Philip Beachy博士说:“我们已经知道,在癌症发展的一个中间阶段,一种癌症干

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癌症可能是需要添加到阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)风险列表中的另一类疾病。在20年的随访期间,睡眠呼吸暂停患者的癌症死亡率较无睡眠呼吸暂停者高3.4倍。以上是澳大利亚悉尼大学护理学院Marshall博士等人近期一项研究得出的主要结论。该项基于人口的纵向研究显示,在对肥胖和各种其他因素进行了统计学校正后,中、重度OSA与患者癌症发生风险2.5倍的增高相关。研究报告发表在2014年4月15日的J Cli