阿司匹林一级预防,NEJM和Lancet上多项试验纷纷Say No

2018-10-21 医咖会 医咖会

阿司匹林用于心血管事件二级预防的有效性已经得到了明确的证实。随后又出现了一系列大规模的一级预防试验,包括Physicians’ Health Study和 Women’s Health Study,显示对高风险患者有低到中等程度的益处。然而阿司匹林的这些早期预防试验所在的时期,吸烟很常见,多数血压控制不佳,强化降脂也很少见。因此,预防性使用阿司匹林的风险和益处仍然不明确,应该使用的剂量和持续时

阿司匹林用于血管事件二级预防的有效性已经得到了明确的证实。随后又出现了一系列大规模的一级预防试验,包括Physicians’ Health Study和 Women’s Health Study,显示对高风险患者有低到中等程度的益处。

然而阿司匹林的这些早期预防试验所在的时期,吸烟很常见,多数血压控制不佳,强化降脂也很少见。因此,预防性使用阿司匹林的风险和益处仍然不明确,应该使用的剂量和持续时间也不明确。

在最新期的NEJM和近期的柳叶刀杂志中,报道了三项阿司匹林一级预防的研究:ASCEND试验,纳入糖尿病患者;ARRIVE试验,纳入了无糖尿病的高危参与者;以及ASPREE试验,纳入了老年人。这些新的试验有一个共同的主题,验证阿司匹林用于一级预防是否合理。



图. 14项一级预防试验中阿司匹林和全因死亡率

ASCEND试验[1]

在ASCEND试验中,15480名糖尿病患者被随机分配接受阿司匹林(100mg/d)或匹配的安慰剂对照组。中位随访时间7.4年。

结果发现,阿司匹林组和安慰剂组的严重血管事件发生率分别为8.5%和9.6%(RR 0.88;95%CI 0.79-0.97;P=0.01)。因此,使用阿司匹林,可以使严重血管事件的发生率降低12%。然而,这种益处的代价是大出血事件率增加了29%:阿司匹林 4.1% vs 安慰剂 3.2%;RR 1.29;95%CI 1.09-1.52;P=0.003。在ASCEND试验中,全因死亡率的结果是中性的(RR 0.94;95%CI 0.85-1.04)。

ARRIVE试验[2]

ARRIVE试验旨在调查在无糖尿病的高危人群中,100mg/d阿司匹林相比安慰剂对心血管事件一级预防的作用。然而,在对12546名患者的5年随访中,观察到的10年风险值要比预期的低很多。

因此,在解释ARRIVE试验结果时,这些研究对象应该被认为是低到中等风险。在这种情况下,本研究的结果与之前试验的结果一致,使用阿司匹林不会产生血管益处,但会导致出血并发症的风险显着增加。

在ARRIVE试验的意向性分析中,复合终点(心肌梗死卒中、不稳定型心绞痛、短暂性脑缺血发作或心血管死亡)的发生率:阿司匹林为4.3%,安慰剂组为4.5%(HR 0.96;95%CI 0.81-1.13;P=0.60);然而,阿司匹林肠道出血的发生率是安慰剂的两倍(HR 2.1;95%CI 1.36-3.28;P<0.001)。PP分析的结果,在阿司匹林益处方面较乐观一些。

在ARRIVE试验中,两组在致死性出血事件的发生率上没有显着差异,全因死亡率的结果依然是中性(HR 0.99;95%CI 0.80-1.24;P=0.95)。

ASPREE试验[3-5]

ASPREE试验的结果同时发表了三篇独立的文章。该试验包括了19114名来自澳大利亚和美国的参与者,年龄≥70岁,在入组时没有心血管疾病、痴呆和残疾。研究对象被随机分配接受100mg/d的阿司匹林或安慰剂,随访长达5年。

ASPREE试验中,对于预先设定好的主要复合终点(死亡、痴呆或持续性身体残疾),阿司匹林并未显示出益处,阿司匹林vs安慰剂:HR 1.01;95%CI 0.92-1.11;P=0.79。发生的主要终点事件中,有一半是死亡,30%是痴呆,20%是持续性身体残疾。

与ARRIVE试验类似,ASPREE试验没有显示出阿司匹林具有心血管益处的证据(阿司匹林 vs 安慰剂:HR 0.95;95%CI 0.83-1.08),但阿司匹林的大出血风险高于安慰剂(HR 1.39;95%CI 1.18-1.62;P<0.001)。

至于ASPREE试验的其他结果,研究者报告说次要终点(因任何原因致死)的发生率,阿司匹林稍高于安慰剂(HR 1.14;95%CI 1.01-1.29)。该结果与既往的阿司匹林一级预防试验以及ASCEND和ARRIVE试验的结果不一致。

阿司匹林的高死亡率风险仅限于澳大利亚队列,主要是因为阿司匹林相比安慰剂,癌症相关死亡的风险竟然增加了(HR 1.31;95%CI 1.10-1.56)。这些结果应该谨慎解释。

ASPREE试验中,阿司匹林组的癌症相关死亡率升高,并不限于某个癌症部位或者某个类型。ASCEND试验的平均随访时间比ASPREE试验长,但未观察到阿司匹林相关的癌症风险增加或下降。ARRIVE试验尚未报道癌症相关的数据。

这些最新的阿司匹林试验显示出阿司匹林较小的益处以及持续的出血风险,在诊疗患者时,应该与目前的他汀试验结果综合考虑。在一级预防试验中,使用他汀类药物,使低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平每降低1mmol/L,主要心血管事件风险降低25%(他汀 vs 安慰剂:HR 0.75; 95%CI 0.69-0.82)[6]。试验结果还显示他汀的安全性良好,没有出血并发症。

ASPREE、ARRIVE和ASCEND试验中,服用他汀的参与者比例分别为34%、43%和75%。

对于二级预防,患者风险主要取决于动脉粥样硬化疾病的程度,阿司匹林的益处超过出血风险。而对于一级预防,风险主要取决于年龄、是否存在糖尿病,在目前的实践中,预防性使用阿司匹林的疗效-风险比非常小。

参考文献

1. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 1529-39.

2. Lancet. 2018; 392:1036-46.

3. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 1499-508.

4. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 1509-18.

5. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 1519-28.

6. Lancet 2016; 388: 2532-61.

内容整理自:N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1572-4

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    2019-03-18 howi
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    2019-08-03 Ana3974

    学习了,很有用

    0

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    2018-10-22 王振超

    学习了

    0

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    2018-10-22 ylzr123

    好文,值得点赞!认真学习了,把经验应用于实践,为患者解除病痛。

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1829846, encodeId=a8dc1829846a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Mon Mar 18 14:51:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=370706, encodeId=76e23e070672, content=学习了,很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=46025154213, createdName=Ana3974, createdTime=Sat Aug 03 17:36:56 CST 2019, time=2019-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350161, encodeId=59c7350161df, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKic4Sia2vW3FdKIZE7aLtjvkgUXebicPbmmEPH4JrxqOgy91XW1cnqGmrIqiag2sZX8rhc41g6daIuLg/132, createdBy=ad2d2367463, createdName=王振超, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 14:37:19 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350134, encodeId=c4a73501342d, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习了,把经验应用于实践,为患者解除病痛。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 09:21:33 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350115, encodeId=46e6350115a8, content=好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 05:29:20 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350108, encodeId=1e5935010818, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 00:06:20 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350096, encodeId=689135009672, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 23:15:52 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-22 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好

    0

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    2018-10-22 phoebeyan520

    学习了

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1829846, encodeId=a8dc1829846a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Mon Mar 18 14:51:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=370706, encodeId=76e23e070672, content=学习了,很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=46025154213, createdName=Ana3974, createdTime=Sat Aug 03 17:36:56 CST 2019, time=2019-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350161, encodeId=59c7350161df, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKic4Sia2vW3FdKIZE7aLtjvkgUXebicPbmmEPH4JrxqOgy91XW1cnqGmrIqiag2sZX8rhc41g6daIuLg/132, createdBy=ad2d2367463, createdName=王振超, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 14:37:19 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350134, encodeId=c4a73501342d, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习了,把经验应用于实践,为患者解除病痛。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 09:21:33 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350115, encodeId=46e6350115a8, content=好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 05:29:20 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350108, encodeId=1e5935010818, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 00:06:20 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350096, encodeId=689135009672, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 23:15:52 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-21 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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