Nature immunology:共生皮肤菌群可以修复皮肤损伤

2020-08-13 A pioneer 临床与基础研究

皮肤创伤无法愈合是世界范围内一个主要的医疗问题。在正常情况下,皮肤损伤会引发一种控制良好的炎症和组织修复反应,这有助于病原体的清除并促进屏障完整性的恢复。

皮肤创伤无法愈合是世界范围内一个主要的医疗问题。在正常情况下,皮肤损伤会引发一种控制良好的炎症和组织修复反应,这有助于病原体的清除并促进屏障完整性的恢复。然而,在慢性创伤患者中,这些反应要么缺失要么过度活跃,导致组织形成异常,表皮屏障长期缺损。因此,了解启动和调节皮肤创面炎症修复反应的机制对治疗和预防策略的发展具有重大意义。

I型IFNs是一类抗病毒细胞因子,由13个IFN-过氧化物酶s和1个IFN-过氧化物酶a组成,通过激活树突状细胞(DC)和T细胞,在引发炎症反应中发挥关键作用。I型ifn也在上皮表面发挥修复功能,尽管其机制尚不清楚。在皮肤创伤中,I型干扰素是由一种叫做浆细胞样树突状细胞(pDC)的DC细胞亚群产生的。在上皮损伤的背景下,pDC缺失或I型IFN信号的阻断会使炎症介质的表达消失,并延迟伤口的关闭,指出了pDC衍生的I型IFN作为皮肤修复的早期触发器的关键作用。I型IFN在皮肤损伤中通过TLR9的激活而表达,这表明pDC能够识别损伤过程中释放的细胞外DNA片段。事实上,当细胞外DNA片段与阳离子抗菌肽(AMP)复合物时,可以触发pDC的激活和I型IFN的产生。

皮肤微生物群是皮肤炎症和伤口修复的另一个主要诱因。事实上,皮肤中含有CD8+ T细胞,这些细胞通过非经典主要组织相容性复合体(MHC) I类分子识别表皮葡萄球菌菌株,并产生TH17细胞因子和表皮生长因子,促进伤口愈合。共生菌是否也参与了损伤皮肤的I型IFN先天免疫尚不清楚,但通过描述微生物群和I型IFN在其他上皮表面(如肺和肠)的表达之间的关系提示了这一点。

作为了解损伤皮肤中I型IFNs诱导的第一步,作者研究了pDC募集的机制。流式细胞仪检测来源于剥膜皮肤的单细胞悬液发现,pDC早在损伤后12h就浸润了小鼠皮肤。与此同时,基因表达谱鉴定了一个趋化因子集群在损伤后12h诱导。通过寻找在pDC上表达受体的趋化因子,作者鉴定出cxcr3配体CXCL9和CXCL10。此外,皮肤注射重组CXCL10而不是CXCL9或CXCL11可以诱导pDC补充到皮肤。为了发现CXCL10的细胞来源,作者在伤后12小时对从受伤皮肤收集的真皮单细胞悬液进行细胞内CXCL10染色。流式细胞术分析显示CXCL10表达局限于中性粒细胞,不表达于单核细胞或其他细胞,包括基质细胞。总之,结果表明pDC通过产生CXCL10的中性粒细胞被招募到受伤的皮肤中。

虽然中性粒细胞浸润小鼠皮肤表达高水平的CXCL10,但血液中性粒细胞没有。同样,人类皮肤水疱中的中性粒细胞始终表达CXCL10,而血液中的中性粒细胞则不表达。在伤口床中,中性粒细胞聚集在革兰氏阳性菌群附近,提示它们在接触皮肤微生物群时获得CXCL10表达。16S核糖体RNA的比色革兰氏染色和荧光原位杂交(FISH)显示,这些细菌在损伤前并不存在于真皮中,而是从上皮表面迁移到表皮破坏的这些部位。为了确定这些共生体是否负责诱导CXCL10表达和随后的pDC募集到损伤的皮肤,作者对无菌(GF)小鼠的皮肤进行了损伤。与特异性无病原体(SPF)小鼠皮肤相比,GF小鼠损伤皮肤不能表达CXCL10,也不能向创面内招募pDC。因此,皮肤微生物群是诱导皮肤创面CXCL10表达的必要和充分条件。

皮肤共生体加速伤口愈合反应的发现具有许多潜在的临床意义。因为伤口处理通常是基于减少细菌负荷以防止感染的原则,这一发现应该提高对急性皮肤伤口长期使用抗生素和消毒剂的警惕。其次,由于慢性伤口,无论其原因为何,都表现出某些细菌的稳定生长,导致愈合停滞状态,皮肤微生物群的治疗性消耗,随后局部移植有益共生物质,可能重新启动急性I型IFN驱动的伤口愈合反应。该研究发现了,在皮肤微生物群中,有几种共生体葡萄球菌而不是其他细菌具有诱导CXCL10表达和促进全基因CXCL10- dna复合物形成的能力。未来的研究将必须确定具有I型干扰素诱导能力的单一菌株或细菌群是否能够重置慢性伤口的修复反应。因此,该研究为基于调节皮肤微生物群的治疗策略的发展奠定了基础。

原始出处:

Jeremy Di Domizio, Cyrine Belkhodja, Pauline Chenuet, et al.The commensal skin microbiota triggers type I IFN-dependent innate repair responses in injured skin.Nat Immunol. 2020 Jul 13. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0721-6.

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    2021-05-23 liye789132251
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    2020-08-27 14818eb4m67暂无昵称

    学习了

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    2020-08-13 神盾医疗局局长Jack

    因此,该研究为基于调节皮肤微生物群的治疗策略的发展奠定了基础

    0

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