Nature:精准医疗需更精!转移癌突变多于原发肿瘤

2017-08-04 佚名 生物探索

8月2日在线发表在Nature上的一项新研究发现,平均来说转移癌的遗传突变比早期肿瘤要多。 这意味着:要使精准医疗成为癌症治疗中的一个现实,你需要一种实时、全面的方法,将转移性肿瘤和序列置于比大多数商业测试更详细的水平上。

8月2日在线发表在Nature上的一项新研究发现,平均来说转移癌的遗传突变比早期肿瘤要多。
这意味着:要使精准医疗成为癌症治疗中的一个现实,你需要一种实时、全面的方法,将转移性肿瘤和序列置于比大多数商业测试更详细的水平上。

美国密歇根大学综合癌症研究中心的研究人员对500例转移癌患者的DNA和RNA进行了测序,这是研究晚期癌症遗传和分子景观的最广泛和最全面的努力之一。

有三件事使这种分析独具特色:

˙ 研究人员对大多数病人进行了新鲜活检,从转移瘤中提取样本,而不是原发肿瘤。

˙ 他们对DNA和RNA都进行了测序。

˙ 他们将癌组织与病人的正常DNA进行了比较。

通讯作者,密歇根转化病理学中心主任Arul Chinnaiyan医生说:“这是一种比大多数商业上可用的临床测序程序更全面的方法。我们的研究结果表明,这个更详细的方法有几个层次上的价值。”

这些数据反映了密歇根肿瘤测序计划中500位实体肿瘤患者的情况。这项研究始于2010,对转移癌和正常组织的DNA和RNA进行测序,以确定对治疗有帮助的改变。该计划包括一个精准医疗肿瘤委员会,专家们会讨论每一个病例。Mi-ONCOSEQ是第一个为癌症患者提供的全面临床测序项目。

在Nature发表的这篇文章中涉及的病人跨越了30多种癌症,在22个不同器官有转移。它只包括实体肿瘤的成年人,虽然Mi-ONCOSEQ也提供给血液癌症患者和儿童

对转移进行活检,而不是存档的肿瘤

研究人员发现,转移癌相比原发癌突变数量和类型显着增加。他们发现几乎每一种转移癌都有更多的突变。这可能反映了转移性癌症更具攻击性:它们有更多的时间来发展额外的突变,而旨在杀死癌症的治疗会导致更多的突变。

Chinnaiyan说:“我们的研究结果强调对转移肿瘤获得新鲜活检的重要性,肿瘤在治疗下进化成转移的一部分。我们需要对转移性肿瘤进行活检,然后建议治疗,而不是使用原发肿瘤的存档组织。”

RNA测序揭示更多的靶

另一个关键部分是即对DNA也对RNA进行测序。这种更广泛的方法揭示了许多在肿瘤微环境中发挥作用的分子因素,这些分子因素促进并允许癌症继续生长、扩散或逃避治疗。

一般来说,大多数临床测序工作只专注于DNA测序。虽然DNA测序能够揭示转移癌的基因改变,研究人员发现RNA测序揭示了导致癌症的基因,或关闭基因就能阻止癌症的潜在机制。他们的发现有助于确定治疗的潜在目标。

此外,通过研究RNA,研究人员可以检测肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞,这可以为免疫治疗只对某些患者起作用提供线索。

Chinnaiyan说:“理解免疫微环境(浸润肿瘤的细胞类型)及其表达是重要的。它给了我们一张关于免疫表型的图。我们的假设是,我们可以用这个来帮助确定谁更容易对免疫治疗起反应。”

另一个关键的发现是转移性肿瘤表现为两个相互排斥的特征之一。一种是高度增殖的,这意味着它成倍地增加。在另一个版本中,细胞失去了分化,称为上皮间质转化。

Chinnaiyan说:“不是所有的转移都是一样的。不同的途径促使他们变得非常不同。这种相互排斥的方面是一个惊人的发现,可以指导我们开发新的治疗方法。”

遗传突变的发现

另一个引人注目的发现是,12%的转移性癌症患者有遗传性突变。这大约是在所有癌症患者中可能预期的四倍。这些突变是通过比较肿瘤DNA与正常DNA来鉴定的。

大约四分之三的这些突变与DNA修复的过程有关,有一些已经在现有的治疗方法中被设计成靶标。

Chinnaiyan说:“在转移癌中,遗传突变的比例很高。一旦这些突变基因被鉴定,在患者家庭中别人也可能携带该基因,使其在癌症的风险更高。”

如果适当的话,家庭成员可以寻求遗传咨询或额外的筛查。患者在Mi-ONCOSEQ接受的遗传咨询中,遗传变异的案例也延伸到他们的家庭。

研究人员目前正在分析这个初始组的患者预后。今年早些时候在美国临床肿瘤学会年会上提出的初步数据显示,四分之三的肿瘤患者有一个“可操作的突变”,这意味着治疗有针对性。到现在为止Mi-ONCOSEQ共有近2300例患者包含其中。

原始出处:

Dan R. Robinson, Yi-Mi Wu, Robert J. Lonigro, et al. Integrative clinical genomics of metastatic cancer.Nature (2017)

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    2018-02-12 liye789132251
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    2017-12-27 kcb069
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    2017-08-05 随梦飞扬

    我们需要对转移性肿瘤进行活检,然后建议治疗,而不是使用原发肿瘤的存档组织。

    0

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    2017-08-05 随梦飞扬

    转移癌相比原发癌突变数量和类型显着增加。

    0

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    2017-08-05 ylzr123

    感谢小编为我们准备了如此丰盛的精神大餐,同时也向作者致谢!认真学习了,点赞!

    0

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    2017-08-04 flysky120

    学习一下知识

    0

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