CSA&TISC2019丨慢性肾病患者脑小血管病的研究进展

2019-06-30 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

6月28日,中国卒中学会第五届学术年会暨天坛国际脑血管病会议(CSA&TISC 2019)于北京拉开帷幕。慢性肾病(CKD)是心脑血管病的危险因素,也是日益增长的危害人类健康的因素。新近研究发现,CKD对脑小血管病有广泛影响,与无症状脑梗死、脑白质病变、脑微出血和认知障碍等相关。会上,天津医科大学第二医院李新教授报告相关研究进展,并以其团队的研究为例对此话题进行了详细解读。

6月28日,中国卒中学会第五届学术年会暨天坛国际脑血管病会议(CSA&TISC 2019)于北京拉开帷幕。慢性肾病(CKD)是心脑血管病的危险因素,也是日益增长的危害人类健康的因素。新近研究发现,CKD对脑小血管病有广泛影响,与无症状脑梗死、脑白质病变、脑微出血和认知障碍等相关。会上,天津医科大学第二医院李新教授报告相关研究进展,并以其团队的研究为例对此话题进行了详细解读

何为脑小血管病?

脑小血管病是指各种病因影响脑内小动脉、微动脉、毛细血管、微静脉和小静脉所导致的一系列临床、影像学和病理综合征。脑小血管病常见的病因类型包括小动脉硬化性、脑淀粉样血管病、遗传性脑小血管病变、炎症和免疫介导的小血管病、静脉胶原病和其他小血管病等。

脑小血管病可呈现典型的磁共振成像影像学改变,包括腔隙、新发皮质下小梗死、脑白质病变、扩大的血管周围间隙和脑微出血及脑萎缩。其中,脑小血管病变引起的腔隙性梗死占缺血性卒中的25%~50%。脑白质高信号的患病率在45~80岁从50%上升至95%。脑微出血患病率为24%,并随年龄增长逐渐增加,年龄≥80岁可达38.8%。此外,脑小血管病是认知障碍最常见原因之一,脑小血管病引起的认知障碍可占血管性痴呆的36%~67%。

肾小球的入球小动脉与脑小血管具有相同的解剖和功能特点,因此,脑小血管病与慢性肾病关系密切,慢性肾病与脑小血管病的关系逐渐受到关注。慢性肾病是心脑血管疾病一个确定的危险因素,它是全球健康负担的一个重要方面。慢性肾病影响认知功能,这与其患者脑小血管病高发相关。

慢性肾病与卒中

慢性肾病的特点可概括为“三高”,即发病率高、病死率高和伴发的心血管病患病率高;“三低”,即防治率低、伴发心血管病的知晓率低和全社会对慢性肾病的知晓率低。我国40岁以上人群,患病率达18.7%,知晓率<5%。

不同于欧美国家,肾小球肾炎是引起中国人尿毒症的主要原因。随着中国老龄社会的到来,糖尿病高血压等疾病的高发导致慢性肾病的发病率逐渐上升,在慢性肾衰竭透析的患者中有逐步成为主流的趋势。调查发现,约40%的2型糖尿病患者有慢性肾病。目前,我国有超过300万青少年患慢性肾病,且每年以13%的速度增长。同时,我国终末期肾病患者200万人,2016年仅维持性血液透析患者的数量就达44.7万,腹膜透析60万,接受透析治疗的比例偏低。

慢性肾病对卒中发生的影响在各种族、各地区不同,但在亚洲人群中更高。慢性肾病在卒中患者中普遍存在,研究报道,在急性卒中患者中,采用肌酐水平评估肾小球滤过率(eGFR),结果显示,急性缺血性卒中中eGFR<60 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2占20%~35%;急性出血性卒中eGFR-1·1.73 m-2占20%~46%;一般人群中eGFR<60 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2占4.4%~11%,70岁以上老年人占19%~38%。

慢性肾病与脑小血管病

慢性肾病与腔隙性脑梗死

多项研究显示,与腔隙性脑梗死的发生最相关的因素是eGFR降低。一项涉及625名社区日本老年人参与者的横断面研究中,慢性肾病在多变量调整后与腔隙性脑梗死独立相关。eGFR>40 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2的患者,头MRI无症状腔隙性梗死阳性者占25%,eGFR<40 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2的患者,头MRI无症状腔隙性梗死阳性者占85%。

血液透析与脑白质病变

在血液透析患者与正常对照的头核磁DTI序列研究中,血液透析患者多个前脑区域平均扩散值显著增高,提示与无肾脏疾病的对照组相比,血液透析患者的大脑前部的白质病变更多。

慢性肾病与脑微出血

一般人群中,脑微出血的发病率为3.1%~23.5%,文献报道在血液透析患者中脑微出血发病率为19.3%~35%。Ke Zheng等对92例腹膜透析患者行脑MRI检查,结果显示,微出血阳性率为36.1%。另有研究证实,脑微出血的患病率与慢性肾病分期之间存在显著相关性,随着分期的进展,脑微出血的患病率增加,提示eGFR是与脑微出血患病率相关的重要因素。

慢性肾病影响认知功能

2008年REGARDS研究证实,在全美范围的成年人中,慢性肾病越严重,患认知障碍的风险越高,且这种认知损害在慢性肾病的早期即已存在。在所有慢性肾病与认知障碍可能的机制中,脑小血管病是其中最重要的一种。

维持性血液透析患者的脑小血管病情况在国内罕有报道,李新教授团队开展一项相关研究,以了解其所在中心无明显卒中病史的维持性血液透析患者脑小血管病及认知功能障碍的发病。

结果表明,维持性血液透析患者认知障碍发病比例较高,且发生脑小血管病的无症状腔隙性脑梗死、脑微出血和脑白质高信号的患病比例较高。患者认知障碍可能与深部白质、基底节区无症状腔隙性脑梗死数量增多有关,与脑白质高信号的严重程度有关。

最后,李新教授指出,随着社会老龄化的进程,慢性肾病与脑小血管病均为我国卫生领域面临的重大问题。神经科医生应关注慢性肾病与脑小血管病的关系,神经科医生和肾脏科医生密切配合有助于加强慢性肾病患者脑小血管病的管理

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  4. 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  5. 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  6. 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encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Tue Jul 02 14:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-07-04 wangrui216

    腹膜透析没60万人

    0

  7. 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  8. 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    2019-07-02 yankaienglish

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