超声误诊无功能性甲状旁腺囊肿1例

2019-05-20 余芬 杨顺实 中国医学影像技术

患者女,53岁,因“无意中发现左侧颈部鸡蛋大肿块1个月”就诊。患者无发热、颈部胀痛,无声嘶、呛咳,无怕热、多汗、手足麻木等症状。超声检查:甲状腺左侧叶下方可见一无回声区,大小约5.7 cm×2.1 cm×2.9 cm,下缘向下延伸至锁骨后方。超声诊断为甲状腺左侧叶下方囊性包块,疑来源于纵隔(图1A)。CT检查:甲状腺左侧叶下极见一囊状低密度影,延伸至上纵隔,边缘光滑清晰,大小约3.4 cm×2.6

患者女,53岁,因“无意中发现左侧颈部鸡蛋大肿块1个月”就诊。患者无发热、颈部胀痛,无声嘶、呛咳,无怕热、多汗、手足麻木等症状。超声检查:甲状腺左侧叶下方可见一无回声区,大小约5.7 cm×2.1 cm×2.9 cm,下缘向下延伸至锁骨后方。超声诊断为甲状腺左侧叶下方囊性包块,疑来源于纵隔(图1A)。CT检查:甲状腺左侧叶下极见一囊状低密度影,延伸至上纵隔,边缘光滑清晰,大小约3.4 cm×2.6 cm,CT值约9HU,甲状腺及气管受压(图1B)。
 



图1 无功能性甲状旁腺囊肿 A.超声示甲状腺左侧叶下方囊性包块;B.CT示甲状腺左侧叶下极囊状低密度影;
 
CT诊断为甲状腺左叶下极囊性占位延伸至上纵隔,考虑良性病变。术前检查甲状腺功能、降钙素、甲状旁腺激素均在正常范围。行肿块切除术,术中见肿块呈囊性,位于甲状腺左侧叶下极后方,下缘近胸骨上窝,边界清楚,包膜完整,与周围组织无粘连,质中,内含清亮液体,完整切除肿块后送病理检查。病理表现要简要描述。病理:纤维结缔组织囊壁,部分囊壁可见甲状旁腺组织,诊断为甲状旁腺囊肿(图1C)。 
 

图1C.病理图(HE,×200)
 
讨论 
 
甲状旁腺囊肿发生率较低,不足甲状腺及甲状旁腺占位性病变的1%,在颈部肿块中不足0.6%。因其发生率低,影像无特异性,易被误诊为甲状腺腺瘤、鳃裂囊肿等疾病。多数患者仅无意中触及颈部肿块就诊,且首选甲状腺超声检查。甲状旁腺囊肿与甲状腺囊性包块难以区分,主要鉴别点为:大部分甲状旁腺囊肿紧邻甲状腺腺体,与甲状腺腺体组织间仅菲薄的囊壁相隔,探头推挤或吞咽动作时两者移动程度相当;甲状旁腺囊肿囊壁上血流较少,不足以判断其血供来源,而血供来自甲状腺下动脉也是鉴别结节位于甲状腺组织或是甲状旁腺组织的重要依据之一。
 
由于甲状旁腺囊肿内为清亮液体,易与甲状腺腺瘤囊性变及感染的鳃裂囊肿鉴别,后两者囊液较浑浊;但与鳃裂囊肿及来源于纵隔的囊性包块如胸腺囊肿、食管囊肿、囊状淋巴管瘤等鉴别困难,其好发部位相似,内部同样呈均质无回声。甲状旁腺囊肿可发生于下颌骨至上纵隔的颈前各区域,其中,纵隔内甲状旁腺囊肿发生率为30%。超声诊断的准确性有赖于超声医师的经验。甲状旁腺囊肿主要通过病理学检查确诊,穿刺抽吸并测定囊液内含高浓度甲状旁腺素也可初步诊断。甲状旁腺囊肿可行穿刺并硬化剂注入治疗,但甲状旁腺细胞种植可导致复发,现多首选手术治疗,以保证囊肿完整切除,达到根治目的。
 
原始出处:

余芬,杨顺实.超声误诊无功能性甲状旁腺囊肿1例[J].中国医学影像技术,2018,34(03):477.

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