脑小血管病的神经心理与影像评估

2017-06-27 汪凯 中华医学信息导报

2008年的“世界卒中日”提出了“小卒中,大问题”的主题概念,因为小卒中(也被称为亚临床脑卒中、无症状脑卒中)是导致大卒中、其他血管事件及痴呆的重要因素,而脑小血管病(CSVD)又是小卒中导致认知损害的病理基础,所以CSVD成为近十年来备受关注的血管病研究领域。



2008年的“世界卒中日”提出了“小卒中,大问题”的主题概念,因为小卒中(也被称为亚临床脑卒中、无症状脑卒中)是导致大卒中、其他血管事件及痴呆的重要因素,而脑小血管病(CSVD)又是小卒中导致认知损害的病理基础,所以CSVD成为近十年来备受关注的血管病研究领域。2016年的国际卒中大会再次关注无症状性脑卒中在神经科临床科研中的重要意义。实际上,所谓的“无症状性脑卒中”并不是真的“无症状”,其常常影响患者的认知、情绪,发生率是临床卒中的5倍。另外,阿尔茨海默病(AD)的发生也会有血管性因素参与,约80%中重度AD伴发小血管病。已有的前瞻性研究也表明,血管因素可以与神经变性病理改变产生协同作用,增加认知减退和痴呆发生风险。因此,我们要积极识别和治疗认知障碍的血管因素,小血管病作为其中重要部分应得到重视,在此基础上如何综合管理小血管病及血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)与AD的相同危险因素(如高血压糖尿病等),显得越发重要。

CSVD的特征

CSVD泛指脑小血管的各种病变所导致的疾病。不同于大血管病变,CSVD由于受累血管多为小的穿支动脉和小动脉,疾病特征常表现为隐匿起病、缓慢发展。总的来说,CSVD的特征可概括为:受累血管不同、临床表现多样、疾病负担重。

具体来说,临床上CSVD主要有三大表现:卒中症状、认知情感症状和总体功能障碍(排尿排便障碍、步态障碍)。但由于CSVD早期运动症状改变轻微而经常被临床医师忽视改变;既往以卒中事件发生或卒中后的功能障碍作为终点的脑血管病临床研究,多数情况下也忽视了对CSVD的关注。近年来,随着神经血管单元概念的提出,作为其组成的基本单位,小血管被认为对脑功能的维持起着重要作用,尤其是在认知方面。

在当前大血管病变的缺血性卒中研究热潮下,开展CSVD相关研究显得尤为重要,主要体现在:(1)国内外的流行病学调查发现CSVD占临床卒中的25%~50%,且随着社会人口老龄化和影像学技术的革新,CSVD具有广泛的患者群体;(2)CSVD是VCI的重要亚型,也是临床上导致血管性痴呆的最常见原因。《中国血管性认知障碍诊治指南(2011版)》重点强调了CSVD(皮质下腔梗和白质脑病)在VCI机制分型中的重要性。

CSVD认知研究的重要性

近些年,随着LADIS、RUNDMC和SPS3这三大经典研究的开展,越来越多的研究证据奠定了认知研究在CSVD临床研究中的核心地位。相比之下,国内血管病研究重点多集中于运动症状,而在认知等非运动症状的研究证据显得尤为匮乏。认知障碍作为CSVD的重要临床内表型应该得到重视。

2001年开展的LADIS研究是一项欧洲多中心前瞻性观察性研究,主要纳入脑白质疏松症患者(Fazekas任何分级),该研究主要发现脑白质高信号(WMH)是老年人群致残的独立危险因素,并提供适合多中心WHM患者研究的成套神经心理评估量表。2006年开展的RUNDMC研究是一项荷兰医院单中心的CSVD队列研究,该项研究相比之前的研究将认知障碍作为主要的观察终点事件,其主要贡献在于:(1)明确CSVD与震颤麻痹发生的相关性;(2)全面诠释CSVD的入组标准和影像学参数;(3)强调弥散张量成像(DTI)和脑功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术在CSVD认知研究中的重要性。2011年开展的SPS3研究是一项多中心随机对照测验研究,研究本身重点关注症状性腔梗的双抗治疗(双抗不利)和降压幅度(强化降压稍显获益)。SPS3研究在认知领域重点解析了症状性皮层下腔梗患者的认知动态变化进程。总体来说,RUNDMC和SPS3研究详细描述了CSVD临床研究中的入组诊断思路,为后续研究奠定了良好的基础。

总结既往CSVD相关研究可以发现,现阶段CSVD认知研究主要包括两大思路:(1)重点剖析不同CSVD影像病灶与认知情感的相关性;(2)脑淀粉样病和遗传性CSVD的认知研究。就前者来说,临床老年人群常见的多发性皮层下腔梗、WMH和微出血均可显着增加痴呆以及认知障碍的发生风险。近些年被较多关注的微梗死和扩大血管周围间隙也被发现与单项认知功能受损和痴呆发生密切相关;遗传性CSVD作为较为单纯的CSVD发病模型在认知研究领域起到了非常大的作用。总体来说,无论是散发性还是遗传性CSVD,其主要的认知受损主要体现在注意力、信息加工处理速度和执行功能等认知领域。究其原因,可能与其病灶破坏前额叶-皮质下环路有关。认知神经科学的长足发展,不仅使得我们可以通过传统神经心理学评估量表系统地描述注意力、记忆力及情绪等基本认知功能,还可以进一步利用基于高时间分辨率的计算机实验范式和方法,如认知神经科学中的事件相关电位(ERP)技术等,对高级认知进行定量化研究,这无疑是CSVD认知领域今后较为重要的发展方向。

CSVD的影像学评估

CSVD影像学评估研究主要体现两部分:不同影像学表现分型研究和多模式成像技术研究。根据2013年国际血管改变神经影像标准报告小组发表的CSVD研究影像诊断标准并结合2015年《中国脑小血管病诊治共识》,CSVD主要影像学特征包括近期皮层下小梗死、血管源性腔隙、血管源性脑白质高信号、血管周围间隙、脑微出血和脑萎缩。其中近期皮层下小梗死、腔隙、脑白质高信号是目前国内外CSVD临床研究的主要影像学入组标准。在此基础上,多模式成像技术的运用将CSVD认知研究带到了新的层次。研究者可以从脑区形态学研究(利用基于体素的形态学测量方法测量皮层厚度、病灶容积)、白质纤维连接研究(基于DTI的感兴趣区域分析、纤维束示踪的空间统计学分析和体素分析、基于Graph理论的全脑网络连接)和脑网络功能连接(静息态fMRI)等多个水平进行不同脑区形态和全脑网络结构-功能连接与认知功能的相关性分析,明确CSVD患者不同认知功能受损可能的脑机制。基于脑影像学的环路功能研究可以从上游机制层面进一步丰富对CSVD临床内表型的剖析和发生机制的理解。

国内的CSVD研究

目前国内CSVD研究,尤其在认知层面基础稍显薄弱,缺乏统一规范的定量化评估方案。因此在科技部国家重点研发计划项目的资助下,笔者团队开展了CSVD多维度认知神经心理学研究,以及神经影像学和遗传学多种技术联合应用探索CSVD认知障碍的神经机制的研究。具体包括:(1)制定详细明确的CSVD入组诊断标准,联合国内多家单位开展合作,建立国内CSVD人群队列;(2)建立多维度临床认知评估体系,系统评估和明确CSVD患者的认知功能特征;(3)利用DTI和fMRI技术进行脑环路结构和功能连接研究,探索和明确CSVD患者执行功能、注意力相关的神经环路受损特征;(4)积极收集CSVD的生物学标本,通过候选基因分析、全基因组关联分析探索可能的遗传学发病基础。

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    2017-07-03 1391e9f2a7m

    好文,值得拥有和学习

    0

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    2017-06-28 baihao215

    总结的挺全面,学习了

    0

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    2017-06-27 海棠胜雪

    学习了

    0

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