肌张力障碍 – 复杂的临床和治疗现状

2018-05-29 BMC中国 BMC期刊

肌张力障碍是一种鲜为人知的综合征,在英国大约影响至少70,000人。在肌张力障碍知识普及周(2018年5月5日-5月13日)来临之际,我们请临床运动障碍杂志(Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders)编辑委员会成员Ritesh Ramdhani博士来帮助我们进一步了解肌张力障碍。

肌张力障碍是一种鲜为人知的综合征,在英国大约影响至少70,000人。在肌张力障碍知识普及周(2018年5月5日-5月13日)来临之际,我们请临床运动障碍杂志(Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders)编辑委员会成员Ritesh Ramdhani博士来帮助我们进一步了解肌张力障碍。

肌张力障碍是一种不自主收缩的综合征,在一个或多个身体部位造成异常姿势,并伴有可预测的刻板运动。运动的速度可能会有所不同,且具有方向性,并可能随着随意运动而加剧,或者被诸如写作、说话或散步等具体行动触发。感觉诡计或能减轻运动程度的有意策略可能是一个显著的特征。肌张力障碍在睡眠中也会发生,并且随着压力或焦虑而加重。

肌张力障碍分类-与年龄及病因相关

肌张力障碍的分类仍存在很大的争议。在时间上,它被分为原发性和继发性,早期发病年龄低于26岁。原发性肌张力障碍的临床诊断缺乏在脑成像和实验室检查中能够发现的外部原因。一些危险症状,如与肌张力障碍或偏身肌张力障碍(肌张力障碍影响身体一侧)同时存在的其他神经症状,暗示了继发性或获得性原因,例如缺氧、感染、创伤、中风或接触药物导致的结构性脑损伤(如多巴胺阻断药物)。另外,肌张力障碍可以表现为神经退行性疾病的部分症状,如帕金森病或非典型帕金森综合征、威尔逊氏病或亨廷顿病。

原发性肌张力障碍:早发型与迟发型

早发性原发肌张力障碍通常始于腿或手臂,随时间推移发展到躯干和其他肢体。它是由一些突变造成的常染色体显性遗传病。全身型肌张力障碍可能使患者残疾,限制他们的活动性和独立性。

第一个肌张力障碍基因(DYT1)发现于1997年,该基因在平均13岁时导致全身肌张力障碍。之后28种基因型肌张力障碍被发现。尽管这些遗传原发性肌张力障碍大多引起单纯的肌张力障碍,但至少有12种基因与肌张力障碍叠加综合征相关,即肌张力障碍伴随其他运动障碍如帕金森综合征、震颤和肌阵挛。

迟发性肌张力障碍(通常年龄超过26岁)通常影响特定身体部位完成习得或熟练动作的肌肉。局部性肌张力障碍可以是任务特异性的,在某些随意运动中发生,如书写痉挛、乐器演奏家肌张力障碍、打字员肌张力障碍或高尔夫球手肌张力障碍。非任务特异性肌张力障碍的发生并没有随意运动的触发,相关例子包括由于颈部肌肉过度激活和眼睑痉挛引起的斜颈或颈部扭曲,这是眼睑肌肉收缩导致过度眨眼或紧闭。

颈部肌张力障碍是最常见的局部性肌张力障碍,而写作痉挛是最常见的任务特异性肌张力障碍。值得注意的是,迟发性局部性肌张力障碍在腿和脚中也可被认为是任务特异性肌张力障碍。然而由于这种非典型的发病位置,必须考虑其是否为帕金森病的早期征兆。

治疗方法

肌张力障碍治疗的主要目的仍是缓解症状。肌张力障碍的随机对照试验较少,然而有证据表明苯海索对儿童全身性和节段性肌张力障碍尤其有效。其他有效的口服药物包括左旋多巴、氯硝西泮、肌肉松弛剂(即巴氯芬,tizandine)和丁苯那嗪。

肉毒杆菌毒素注射已经成为局限性肌张力障碍的有效治疗药物。它的作用是暂时在注射部位引起局部肌肉麻痹,其效果在三个月内消失,需要反复注射。它已获得FDA批准用于治疗眼睑痉挛和颈部肌张力障碍,并被认为是许多局限性肌张力障碍的首选治疗方法。

立体定向手术,特别是深部脑刺激(DBS)已被证明对DYT1肌张力障碍和原发性全身肌张力障碍治疗有强大且持续的益处。治疗是通过使用植入大脑特定区域的电极产生的,该电极可以从位于患者胸腔中的小型脉冲发生器发送电脉冲。受益于DBS的其他肌张力障碍包括严重颈部肌张力障碍、迟发性肌张力障碍(与暴露于多巴胺阻断药物相关)和肌阵挛-肌张力障碍—一种青春期可能发病的原发性肌张力障碍综合征。

物理和职业治疗在肌张力障碍治疗中的作用不可低估。增强肌张力障碍治疗的关键技术包括感觉训练、在某些情况下使用背带或夹板、被影响肢体的重复性练习以及适应性运动训练。

肌张力障碍是一种临床和遗传学上很复杂的疾病,需要特别注意其发病时间和位置、病情进展以及同时存在的其他症状。多学科方法是肌张力障碍诊断和治疗的基础,可以帮助患者恢复一部分功能并提高生活质量。

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    2019-07-30 145b5006m01暂无昵称

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    0

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    2018-06-02 zhmscau
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    2018-05-31 gujh
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    2018-05-29 有备才能无患

    肌张力障碍是一种鲜为人知的综合征.在英国大约影响至少70,000人.在肌张力障碍知识普及周(2018年5月5日-5月13日)来临之际.我们请临床运动障碍杂志(JournalofClinicalMovementDisorders)编辑委员会成员RiteshRamdhani博士来帮助我们进一步了解肌张力障碍.

    0

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    2018-05-29 122e6cb5m62暂无昵称

    初步了解一下.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-05-29 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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印度一名音乐家因罹患“肌张力障碍”而需在手术期间边弹吉他边动手术,以便医生能准确地“燃烧”受阻的脑神经。

综述:脑深部电刺激术治疗肌张力障碍的研究进展

肌张力障碍是一组因肌肉持续收缩导致扭曲、重复运动或者姿势异常为特征的临床综合征,也可表现为主动运动时、与目的运动无关的肌肉参与收缩出现的异常活动。目前,越来越多的研究发现脑深部电刺激术(deep brainstimulation,DBS)对治疗肌张力障碍可取得较好的疗效。 一、DBS治疗肌张力障碍的机制研究 相对于DBS治疗帕金森病,DBS对肌张力障碍的治疗疗效多数是缓慢进

Neurobiol Dis:肌张力障碍和帕金森病的丘脑底核电信号研究获进展

肌张力障碍(dystonia)是主动肌与拮抗肌收缩不协调或过度收缩引起的以肌张力异常的动作和姿势为特征的运动障碍综合征,与帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease)都属于神经系统疾病,并可通过深部脑刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus, STN)缓解症状。然而,两类疾病的STN神经波动是否具有特殊的病理特征,仍然不甚清

Neurology:左旋多巴在肌张力障碍中的应用

研究者认为应该改变对所有早发性肌张力障碍患者都使用左旋多巴治疗的临床原则,采用更为理性个性化的治疗手段