Nature:再亮“绿灯”!日本科学家计划:利用iPSCs治疗心脏病

2018-05-31 佚名 生物探索

5月29日,在《Nature》期刊发表的一篇题为“‘Reprogrammed’ stem cells approved to mend human hearts for the first time”的新闻中,日本科学家们第一次获卫生部批准,将使用诱导性多能干细胞(iPSCs)治疗心脏病。这是iPSCs继黄斑变性之后的第二个临床应用。


在东京举行的一次新闻发布会上,心脏外科医生Yoshiki Sawa宣布了使用诱导性多能干细胞治疗心脏病的计划。(图片来源:Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images)

诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)是日本京都大学的科学家山中伸弥团队研发的一种类似于胚胎干细胞(ESCs)的细胞类型。自2006年问世以来,iPSCs就被认为是再生医学的新力量,可以避开胚胎干细胞的伦理担忧,降低免疫排斥风险。

2014年,日本理化学研究所(RIKEN)干细胞临床研究员Masayo Takahashi团队曾成功利用来源于自体的诱导性多能干细胞治疗年龄相关性黄斑变性(一种眼疾)。但是因为安全问题,该试验在完成首例之后就被暂停了。2017年,RIKEN研究所再度创新,启动基于异体iPSCs治疗黄斑变性的临床试验。

现在,大阪大学的心脏外科医生Yoshiki Sawa团队基于15年的研究累积,计划利用这一革命性的细胞重编程技术治疗心脏病。5月16日,日本卫生部为其开通“绿灯”——批准将来源于iPSCs的薄片组织(wafer-thin sheets of tissue)移植给受损心脏。

iPSCs修补受损的心

Yoshiki Sawa团队利用诱导性多能干细胞构建了一张囊括1亿个心肌细胞的薄片(sheet)。在先前的研究中,他们将这一细胞薄片(厚0.1毫米、长4厘米)移植到猪的心脏上,结果证实,这些多能干细胞能够改善心脏的功能。

不过,这些外源细胞似乎并没有融入原有的心脏组织中。相反,它们会释放生长因子,促进受损心肌的再生。

研究团队认为,细胞薄片的一个优点是能够构建自己的细胞基质,并保持其结构,从而不需要额外的支架。

日本的快速通道

据悉,被批准的临床试验将于2019年开展,预计有3位患者接受治疗。之后,Yoshiki Sawa团队将继续申请,使临床试验规模扩大至7-10人。如果被证实安全,这一疗法将在日本再生医学的快速通道系统(fast-track system for regenerative medicine)下进入商业化销售。

这一快速通道系统于2014年推出,旨在加速救命疗法的可获得性。但是批评者表示,该系统存在缺陷,因为它允许治疗在尚未获得足够有效且安全的数据之前,就商业化给患者。

同行评论

德国Hamburg大学的药理学家、德国心血管研究中心主席Thomas Eschenhagen认为,这一尝试将引起全世界的关注。巴黎Georges Pompidou European医院的心脏外科医生Philippe Menasché对这一疗法同样表示了肯定,认为这是一种非常聪明的递送细胞的方法。

德国G?ttingen医学中心的药理学家Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann也正在尝试利用iPSCs治疗心脏病。他表示,这一摸索使得研究人员绕过成本高昂的大规模临床试验过程,而是基于小规模的临床试验证明该疗法的安全性和有效性。

监管问题

但是,一些研究人员则认为,批准新疗法准入市场的门槛过低。虽然这些细胞被发现是安全的,但是依然存在很多风险。伦理学家和监督者强调,任何新疗法的益处必须大于弊端。

日本京都大学的心脏病学家Yoshiki Yui表示,除了满足安全的要求之外,研究人员还需要证实细胞疗法的有效性,这需要更大规模的临床验证。此外,他认为审评过程还需要参考随机、对照的临床试验,这是医学研究中验证疗效的黄金标准。

Yoshiki Yui还指出,最大的问题是日本缺乏足够完善的审评体系。iPSCs疗法有很大的潜力,但是在目前的审批制度下,“我们并不明确它是否有效”,因为没有对照试验。

不过,日本卫生部的一位发言人告诉Nature期刊,目前的审批制度已经足够,因为即便已经获批可以商业化使用,科研人员依然需要证实疗法的效果。

Yoshiki Sawa同样认为,对照组实验对于疗法的有效性证明很重要,但是他指出,他遵守了规则,即在获批之前并不需要这样做。卫生部的批准是承认了该疗法“在科学和伦理上是合理的”,可以在病人身上进行测试。“它是否真的安全有效,我们现在必须找到答案。” Yoshiki Sawa回答道。

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    2018-08-14 liye789132251
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    2019-05-04 wushaoling
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    2018-06-03 虈亣靌

    好好学习一下天天向上

    0

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    2018-06-02 chengjn
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    2018-06-02 gjsgj
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    2018-06-02 caoliehu
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    2018-06-02 neurosurgeon

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