安慰剂疗法:善意的医学欺骗?

2016-07-17 孙学军 孙学军

安慰剂效应客观存在已经被学术上广泛认可,这不仅对于和分析药物研究结果,而且对理解生物现象都有意义,现在关于安慰剂的最新进展是主动公开使用安慰剂疗法。 被欺骗或自我欺骗都能产生生物学效应,这是利用现代科学技术证明的医学效应,并逐渐被临床医学接受和应用。这一成功欺骗效果的确认,不仅是安慰剂研究的成功,也能解释许多巫术和宗教方法对疾病的治疗效果。只要有效果,且是安全的方法,即使对患


安慰剂效应客观存在已经被学术上广泛认可,这不仅对于和分析药物研究结果,而且对理解生物现象都有意义,现在关于安慰剂的最新进展是主动公开使用安慰剂疗法。

被欺骗或自我欺骗都能产生生物学效应,这是利用现代科学技术证明的医学效应,并逐渐被临床医学接受和应用。这一成功欺骗效果的确认,不仅是安慰剂研究的成功,也能解释许多巫术和宗教方法对疾病的治疗效果。只要有效果,且是安全的方法,即使对患者进行欺骗和安慰,尽管不符合科学的求真精神,但也能符合医学伦理学的规范。医学也不过有时治愈,常常帮助,总是安慰吗?现在看来安慰和安慰剂本身也是有效的。

今年4月在葡萄牙波尔图大脑研讨会上,哈佛大学医学院学者Ted Kaptchuk给数百名与会学者做了关于安慰剂的报告,受到大家的广泛欢迎。Kaptchuk用卡通描述了手里拿着处方医生告诉患者:“我给你开个安慰剂,如果症状没有改善,我给你换一个作用更强的安慰剂。”表面上,这是讽刺一些医生使用安慰剂治疗疾病。因为根据定义,安慰剂不含有任何有效成分。表面上服用者不能因为服用安慰剂获得治疗效果,更不要说不同的安慰剂会产生不同的作用了。但是,Kaptchuk实际上是希望听众严肃对待安慰剂的问题,他认为,安慰剂不仅有效,而且不同的安慰剂会有不同作用。

Kaptchuk的试验主要是利用安慰剂治疗疼痛。经过40多年对安慰剂效应机制的探索,科学家已经明确安慰剂不仅不是简单的阴性对照,安慰剂本身具有治疗作用。

安慰剂效应的想法最早是美国医生Henry Beecher在1955年提出的。他对15项研究结果进行分析发现,大约1/3的患者显示出对安慰剂产生响应。Beecher, H. J. Am. Med.Assoc. 159, 1602–1606 (1955)。安慰剂效应现在已经被广泛接受,尤其是疼痛这些依靠患者主观判断的效应。

试验患者疾病改善的原因有许多,例如疾病症状本身会发生缓解,受试者为了取悦实验者说谎。因为这些原因,安慰剂效应被认为是虚幻,新药物研究将安慰剂作为本底看待就是典型体现。但是大量研究证据显示,安慰剂效应真实不虚。

意大利都灵大学安慰剂学者Fabrizio Benedetti指出,神经科学家Jon Levine在1978年的一项研究是安慰剂生物学诞生的标志。Levine等证明,给手术患者静脉注射生理盐水,告诉患者是吗啡。结果发现1/3的患者报告疼痛明显缓解。然后偷偷给这些患者注射烯丙羟吗啡酮(纳络酮),这种药物是阿片受体阻断剂,能阻断吗啡的镇痛作用。结果这些声称生理盐水能镇痛的患者疼痛重新恢复。这说明患者体内真的出现了类似吗啡的作用。

这一研究是革命性的,因为是第一次证明了安慰剂效应存在的物质基础。研究说明安慰剂效应不是患者单纯靠想象和假装。这种镇痛效应具有可测量性,原因是大脑释放的内源性阿片肽内啡肽。这些发现后来被大量大脑影像学研究确认,证明安慰剂效应发生期间,内啡肽与阿片受体结合量增加,疼痛相关脑区的神经元活动度降低。

内啡肽不是安慰剂效应唯一内源性物质基础。研究发现安慰剂也能激活内源性大麻素和多巴胺,内源性大麻素能结合大麻素受体,安慰剂也能通过降低某些物质如前列腺素水平发挥作用(阿司匹林样作用)。Benedetti说,安慰剂效应和许多药物一样是通过特定生物化学途径实现的。

惰性物质安慰剂本身不可能直接产生生物学改变。安慰剂效应本质上是受试者对安慰剂治疗的心理反应。科罗拉多大学神经科学家Tor Wager用fMRI技术研究证明安慰剂能降低脑内疼痛相关脑区的神经元活动。疼痛发生时,fMRI能显示安慰剂在两个脑区产生作用,分别是参与情绪的额叶皮层和奖赏功能的纹状体腹侧。Wager认为,安慰剂效应可能是大脑对疼痛进行重新评估。

安慰剂效应受到期望值的影响,这种期望值可受到被告知或治疗方法的影响,有创治疗如手术或针灸往往比无创治疗如服药更有效。社会因素包括医生的态度也是安慰剂效应的重要影响因素。最近研究发现,安慰剂效应可以经过学习获得。正如俄罗斯生理学家巴甫洛夫发现的狗对摇铃产生唾液分泌一样,经过训练单纯依靠想象力就可以获得安慰剂效应(冥想是不是类似?)。

例如给志愿者许多真实的镇痛剂,或者偷偷降低疼痛刺激强度,使真实效应和安慰剂剂量相匹配。Benedetti称这种处理为预适应。当Benedetti和马里兰大学神经科学家Luana Colloca用电刺激检测发现,预适应能让安慰剂效应增强5倍。有时候,这种学习可以克服有意识的期望,Wager报道经过4次预适应,用一种奶油就可缓解疼痛,受试者明知道这是安慰剂也仍然有效。这非常奇怪,大脑竟然能学会安慰剂效应,而这种能力可以忽视主观意识。

不同药物通过不同生物化学机制发挥作用。Benedetti等分别用吗啡和酮咯酸进行预适应,用吗啡进行预适应诱导的安慰剂效应是内啡肽释放有关,酮咯酸诱导的安慰剂效应则是内源性大麻素。这说明安慰剂效应存在不同类型。

问题关键是,这些药物样安慰剂效应是否能用于临床医疗。患者一直可以获得类安慰剂效应的医学效益,例如使用设计的语言激活预期,或优化医患关系。但是科学家现在更大胆的建议是直接使用安慰剂。

Colloca建议医生可以直接公开给患者服用安慰剂,减少药物用量。医生可以给患者一盒药物,告诉患者药物中包含安慰剂,但不告诉患者具体哪个药物属于安慰剂。2016年,Colloca等对分析了使用这种方法22项研究,疾病类型包括失眠、自身免疫系统疾病和疼痛,结果发现这些方法能减少药物的副作用和毒性,也能降低治疗费用。

Benedetti同意这种安慰剂疗法是最好的应用模式,在2016年2月发表的一项临床试验中,他使用阿朴吗啡进行预适应诱导安慰剂效应,结果发现患者对安慰剂的响应达到药物同样的作用。这能延缓药物耐受的发生。

Kaptchuk更超前,慢性疼痛安慰剂效应比较大,他建议完全放弃药物治疗,只使用安慰剂。在2010年的新闻报道中,他对肠易激综合征患者进行的研究是直接告诉患者使用安慰剂。Kaptchuk说:“过去一贯认为,应该欺骗患者或隐瞒安慰剂能发挥作用,我的观点是预先告诉患者安慰剂可能发挥作用,并告诉患者正在接受安慰剂试验。”研究结果非常惊人,59%的患者报告说症状明显缓解,没有治疗对照组只有35%,这一比例好于大多数治疗药物。Kaptchuk说虽然希望如此,但没有想到效果这么好。

这并不是一个偶然结果。在葡萄牙学术会议上,Kaptchuk展示了一个非盲安慰剂试验,对过去的治疗没有反应的97名下背疼受试患者,所有人继续过去治疗,但是随机分到非盲安慰剂组患者每天2次糖丸,服用安慰剂的患者都接受了关于安慰剂效应的培训。3周后,接受安慰剂组疼痛缓解明显,正常治疗组没有变化。

里斯本生理学家Cláudia Carvalho说,这个研究结果说明,单盲安慰剂有时候产生一定治疗作用,有时候这种作用会非常明显,这种作用对缓解疼痛和功能障碍,提高患者生活质量有积极意义。Carvalho等也无法解释为什么对过去治疗没有反应的患者会对安慰剂产生响应。Carvalho推测服用安慰剂让这些患者大脑控制疼痛的部分通过调整对付疼痛。

许多公开安慰剂临床试验正在进行,有的小组针对癌症相关疲劳和抑郁症,Kaptchuk小组正在招募受试者扩大肠易激综合征的研究规模。如果研究结果仍然如此,Kaptchuk提出临床医生给患者开安慰剂处方应该成为医疗规范。安慰剂过去一直被作为阴性药物,将来可能逐渐成为一线治疗工具

原始出处:
Jo Marchant. Placebos: Honest fakery. Nature 535, S14–S15 (14 July 2016) doi:10.1038/535S14a

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    2016-08-18 The one 00000

    总是安慰啊~

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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4cce318, createdName=wleon8895, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 13:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93523, encodeId=e2d993523b5, content=人是多莫神奇的机体, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 05:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93345, encodeId=832e93345c3, content=哈哈哈哈哈,安慰剂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Mon Jul 18 12:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93329, encodeId=4f7c9332904, content=如果欺骗可以治好疾病,我这愿意去实践。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Mon Jul 18 09:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93325, encodeId=47e493325d0, content=心里安慰很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160528/IMG5749A60FD120A3124.jpg, createdBy=65fe1709307, createdName=青荷, createdTime=Mon Jul 18 09:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-18 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

  3. 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createdTime=Sat Aug 06 10:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95183, encodeId=969895183a0, content=安慰剂,其实还有着很多难以解释的地方, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInIuedI6ibt6I6oaCwaHVjGTt4ylhQ5Z3Mzpqw5t0yU9mtuRrLMUyjY3OPtRzDwibcWrZyeDAOqk3g/0, createdBy=f4971930340, createdName=lizedong88, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 08:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1304325, encodeId=b02013043251d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=81724580886' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#安慰剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45808, encryptionId=81724580886, topicName=安慰剂)], 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    2016-08-18 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

  4. 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    2016-08-06 tundra

    七分精神三分病

    0

  5. 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createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160528/IMG5749A60FD120A3124.jpg, createdBy=65fe1709307, createdName=青荷, createdTime=Mon Jul 18 09:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-31 lizedong88

    安慰剂,其实还有着很多难以解释的地方

    0

  6. 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  7. 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    2016-07-19 深海的鱼

    人是多莫神奇的机体

    0

  8. 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    2016-07-18 oo902

    哈哈哈哈哈,安慰剂

    0

  9. 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createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Mon Jul 18 12:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93329, encodeId=4f7c9332904, content=如果欺骗可以治好疾病,我这愿意去实践。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Mon Jul 18 09:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93325, encodeId=47e493325d0, content=心里安慰很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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    2016-07-18 医路开来

    如果欺骗可以治好疾病,我这愿意去实践。

    0

  10. 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    2016-07-18 青荷

    心里安慰很重要

    0

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