精准医疗新动作!美国NIH将收集百万份个人资料

2018-05-09 吴施楠 搜狐健康

据《华盛顿邮报》等多家外媒报道,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)宣布将收集100万名美国人的个人信息,进一步推动精准医疗的研究进程。

自前美国总统奥巴马在《2015年国情咨文》中提出“精准医疗计划”后,这种因人而异的个性化医学方法就成为了全世界的研究热点。近日,美国在推进精准医疗研究的工作上又迈出了里程碑式的一步。

大规模收集志愿者医疗数据

据《华盛顿邮报》等多家外媒报道,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)宣布,一个名为“All of Us”的项目已经于5月6日启动。接下来,该项目将收集100万名美国人的医疗健康状况、生活方式、工作环境等个人信息,建立医疗信息和生活方式数据库,进一步推动精准医疗的研究进程。
美国卫生与公共服务部部长Alex Azar认为,“All of Us”有可能彻底改变我们研究疾病和药物的方式。据介绍,该项目可以为科研人员提供大量研究数据,以便探究人们对不同治疗方案的反应,并研发出针对各种疾病的“个性化”预防、治疗和护理方法,减少昂贵且冗长的临床试验需求。

从NIH公布的官方介绍来看,任何18岁以上的美国人,无论健康状况如何,均可参与“All of Us”项目。志愿者将完成在线调查,并分享个人电子医疗健康数据;部分志愿者还需要向当地的项目合作机构提供血液和尿液样本及基础身体状况数据。未来,还可能利用可穿戴设备来收集参与者的各项数据。

“All of Us”项目首席参与官Dara Richardson-Heron表示,项目有望帮助研究者更好地了解并着手削弱医疗差异性,以便每个人都能从更好的健康状况、医疗服务及振奋人心的新突破中受益。

精准医疗改变治疗方式

精准医疗的出现改变了人们对医学和医疗保健的看法。与以往“一刀切”的治疗方法不同,医生和科学家正在试图针对特定的基因组及突变来设计药物及诊断方案,希望以此为患者提供更优质、更具有个性化的服务。

在美国,精准医疗受到的支持力度非常大。美国国会在《21世纪治愈法案》中表示会加强对联邦政府资助研究的保护,授权NIH 48亿美元的预算,用于资助精准医疗、《癌症月刊》及大脑计划。此外,NIH还表示,已经资助100多个组织开展精准医疗项目。

上升为“国家战略”的精准医疗还吸引了很多大型科技公司的加入。去年12月,Google推出开源工具Deep Variant,使用最先进的人工智能技术,利用基因测序数据建立一个人的基因组精确谱图。苹果公司也与美国多家研究机构合作开发应用,收集并整理用户的基因数据。在多方助力下,精准医疗行业迎来加速发展期。

有数据显示,全球精准医疗市场规模已经超过了600亿美元,预计到2018年,这一数字将达到2000亿元。在很多专家看来,精准医疗可以引领一个医学新时代。

参与者隐私保护受质疑

精准医疗研究的基础是庞大的数据,美国此次推出的“All of Us”也正是为了收集海量大数据,以便后续分析和利用。但是将个人信息,特别是医疗健康记录分享给他人时,人们还是有所顾虑。

最近,美国当局透露,他们利用从犯罪现场找到的DNA和遗传信息网站GEDmatch进行匹配,找到并逮捕了逍遥法外40年的持枪夜闯民宅性侵妇女和杀人的“金州杀手”。因此,《华盛顿邮报》对参与“All of Us”项目的志愿者个人信息的隐私安全表示质疑。

对此,美国国立卫生研究院院长Francis Collins和项目的负责人Eric Dishman说,志愿者的个人信息将受到严格保护。收集信息的过程中,每名志愿者都会拥有“保密证书”,传票和搜查证对所收集的信息无权调取。这些规则保证研究人员在司法过程中不被强迫发布具有识别性的信息。

“我们已经想到了这个问题。”Collins说,我们会想办法让大家放心。

不过,在耶鲁大学法学院信息社会项目常驻研究员Tiffany Li看来,一个信息数据库想要完全屏蔽执法部门的调取是不太可能的。她还注意到,《美国爱国者法案》中有规定,允许在情报事务中获取一些健康信息。“我认为,可能有某种方法可以访问这些数据。”Li说。

Dishman也承认,没有一个数据库是百分之百安全的,但除了“保密证书”外,他们还会采取其他隐私保护措施,全方位确保志愿者个人信息不外泄。Dishman希望,“All of Us”项目能够在五六年内完成100万人信息收集的目标。

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    2018-05-11 宋威
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    2018-05-09 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-05-09 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2018-05-09 虈亣靌

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2018-05-09 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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