基于基因分型的精准治疗是胃肠间质瘤GIST治疗的未来发展方向

2020-07-28 Linda 肿瘤资讯

GIST是胃肠道间叶组织来源的实体肿瘤,以手术和药物治疗为主要治疗策略。尽管该病的发病率较低,但由于GIST是最早进行基因分型治疗的恶性肿瘤,在肿瘤精准治疗领域进展较快。

。在肿瘤精准治疗的今天,作为最早进行基因分型的实体肿瘤,胃肠间质瘤(GIST)亦成为会议的议题之一。那么, GIST按基因分型进行精准治疗的现状和未来前景如何?特别邀请到中山大学附属第六医院的邓艳红教授,就上述问题进行访谈

邓艳红,主任医师、博士生导师,中山大学附属第六医院肿瘤内科主任,中国结直肠癌诊疗规范(国家卫计委)专家组成员,中国老年医学会肿瘤分会副会长,中国抗癌协会大肠癌专业委员会青年委员会副主委,中国医师协会结直肠肿瘤分会青年委员会副主委,广东省女医师协会消化肿瘤专业委员会主委,中国南方肿瘤临床研究协会 (CSWOG)青年委员会主委和结直肠癌专业委员会副主委,中国抗癌协会整合肿瘤分会常委,中国抗癌协会精准治疗专业委员会常委,中国临床肿瘤协会青年委员会常委。

GIST靶向治疗现状

GIST是胃肠道间叶组织来源的实体肿瘤,以手术和药物治疗为主要治疗策略。尽管该病的发病率较低,但由于GIST是最早进行基因分型治疗的恶性肿瘤,在肿瘤精准治疗领域进展较快,所以今年的POST-ASCO会议加入了GIST的内容。最早用于GIST的靶向治疗药物为伊马替尼,该药在1999年开启了肿瘤领域的靶向治疗时代,GIST是最早开始精准治疗的瘤种之一,该病的靶向治疗非常值得进行研究。过去,GIST主要在一线采取伊马替尼治疗,然而,随着分子机制层面的研究的深入,发现GIST在靶点上存在多样化,其驱动基因突变不仅包括KIT外显子11、9、13和17突变,还包括PDGFRA突变,其中又包含4个外显子的突变。不同的外显子突变对药物的敏感性不一,例如:对于KIT外显子9突变的患者,伊马替尼疗效稍差,而舒尼替尼效果更好,即外显子9突变的患者对舒尼替尼的敏感性更高;对于外显子17突变的患者,瑞戈非尼以及新药avapritinib和ripretinib的疗效更好。

尽管GIST的诊疗进展较快,但是针对该病的药物研发相对较慢,原因在于伊马替尼疗效优越,因此,GIST的药物研发需求,不及肺癌迫切,因此,自1999年至今,GIST在国内获批的仅一线伊马替尼、二线舒尼替尼和三线瑞戈非尼这3个药物,当这3个药物出现耐药后,可供选择的药物较少,这是未来GIST的药物研发中需要大力关注的问题。

复发转移GIST多线耐药后的治疗策略

众所周知,GIST是发展相对缓慢的肿瘤,不少患者在三线治疗之后,一般状态仍然良好。针对此类PS评分相对较好的患者,在伊马替尼出现耐药后,可以采取再次使用伊马替尼或者采用针对其他靶点的靶向药。GIST可能同时出现敏感性突变和耐药性突变,因此,未来可以采取联合的方式治疗。例如:针对包含外显子11和外显子17突变的患者,可能会考虑采取伊马替尼和瑞戈非尼联合治疗,亦可以与其他小分子TKI进行联合。今年5月,ripretinib已经在美国获批,成为复发转移GIST患者的标准四线治疗药物。该药也已在国内进行桥接试验,估计很快亦会在我国获批,成为我国复发转移GIST患者的四线标准治疗药物。

基于基因分型的治疗是GIST治疗的未来发展方向

鉴于GIST是基于分子分型治疗发展较好的肿瘤,因此,未来根据基因分型进行药物选择将是其未来的发展方向之一。同时,在未来还可能打破线数的限制,从一线就会根据基因分型进行治疗。在今年的ASCO大会上,可以看到在伊马替尼疗效足够优秀的情况下,加入联合治疗的手段,仍然能够让部分患者得到更多获益。在小样本的研究中,患者的无疾病进展生存期可以从20个月延长到30个月。总之,在未来联合治疗可能会取代单药治疗,不论一线抑或二线的联合治疗,都会参考基因分型进行治疗,这是未来的总体趋势。

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    2020-07-30 july_977
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    2020-07-29 风湿免疫科医生

    1111

    0

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