Lancet子刊:首份新冠肺炎病理报告发布,类似SARS和MERS

2020-02-18 MedSci MedSci

2月17日由国际著名医学学术期刊《柳叶刀呼吸医学》(The Lancet Respiratory Medicine)在线发表。研究团队的病理分析并非通过完整尸检获得,而是通过患者死亡后微创病理检查(post-mortem biopsy),该方法与临床采用的组织活检操作相同,只是操作时间在患者死亡后。该论文研究团队来自解放军总医院第五医学中心感染性疾病诊疗与研究中心,通讯作者之一为中科院院士、解

2月17日由国际著名医学学术期刊《柳叶刀呼吸医学》(The Lancet Respiratory Medicine)在线发表。研究团队的病理分析并非通过完整尸检获得,而是通过患者死亡后微创病理检查(post-mortem biopsy),该方法与临床采用的组织活检操作相同,只是操作时间在患者死亡后。

该论文研究团队来自解放军总医院第五医学中心感染性疾病诊疗与研究中心,通讯作者之一为中科院院士、解放军总医院第五医学中心国家感染性疾病诊疗与研究中心主任王福生教授。

目前的临床回顾显示,新冠肺炎患者中不少为轻、中症,但该疾病也可能致死。王福生等人在论文中提到,该疾病目前致死率为2%。重症患者会因为大量肺泡损伤和进行性呼吸衰竭而死亡。论文引用截至2月15日的数据:确诊约66580例,死亡1524人。

然而,由于此前几乎没有进行尸检或活组织切片检查,因此一直没有新冠肺炎的病理报告。在这项研究中,研究团队通过在患者死后获取组织样本,研究了一名死于新冠肺炎患者的病理特征。

研究团队申明,“本研究符合国家卫健委规定及《赫尔辛基宣言》。我们的发现将有助于理解新冠肺炎的发病机制,并改进针对该疾病的临床策略。”

值得一提的是,就完整的新冠肺炎患者遗体解剖,在法律政策允许并征得患者家属同意后,第一例、第二例新冠肺炎逝者遗体解剖工作已于2月16日在武汉市金银潭医院完成。知名法医病理学专家、湖北省司法鉴定协会会长刘良参会解剖工作。预计10天以内可以得出结论。

对于解剖新冠肺炎逝世患者遗体的重要性,九三学社中央副主席、中国工程院院士丛斌此前在接受科技日报记者采访时表示,目前我们对新冠病毒感染致病、致死的病理学机制并不十分明确,对病人体内的免疫性炎症、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、细胞缺氧或用氧障碍,系统性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)和多器官功能障碍综合症(MODS)的临床诊断还缺乏形态学依据,这些都需要通过解剖才能知晓。

尸检对象:50岁男性,有武汉旅行史,发病14天死亡

论文显示,该名患者为男性,50岁,2020年1月21日因发烧、发冷、咳嗽、疲劳和呼吸急促等症状被收治。该名患者报告曾于1月8日-10日有过武汉旅行史,1月14日为发病第一天,最初症状为轻微寒战和干咳,但没有立即就医,一直工作到1月21日。

就诊之后,患者的胸部X光片显示双肺多发斑片状阴影。医院取了患者的咽喉拭子标本。1月22日(发病第9天),根据中国疾控中心(CDC)RT-PCR检测结果,患者被确诊为新冠肺炎。

随后,该患者立即被送进隔离病房,通过面罩补充氧气。治疗方案包括:干扰素alfa-2b(500万个单位,每日两次,雾化吸入)、洛匹那韦和利托那韦(500毫克,每日两次,口服)作为抗病毒治疗,莫西沙星(0.4克,每日一次,静脉注射),以防止继发性感染。

考虑到患者有严重的呼吸短促和低氧血症,医院还对其使用了甲泼尼龙(每天两次,每次80毫克,静脉注射),用于缓解肺部炎症。

患者服药后体温由39.0℃降至36.4℃。然而,他的咳嗽、呼吸困难和疲劳并没有改善。

发病第12天,患者胸部X光显示双肺进行性浸润和弥漫性网状阴影。因为幽闭恐怖症,患者多次拒绝重症监护病房的呼吸机支持;因此,患者改为接受高流量鼻插管(HFNC)氧疗(60%浓度,流速40 L/min)。

发病第13天,患者症状仍未改善,但氧饱和度仍高于95%。

发病第14天下午,患者低氧血症和呼吸急促加重。尽管接受了高流量鼻插管氧疗(100%浓度,流速40 L/min),但血氧饱和度降至60%,心脏骤停。

医生立即对患者进行了有创通气、胸腔压迫和肾上腺素注射。不幸的是,抢救没有成功,北京时间1月27日18时31分,患者死亡。

病理特征与SARS、MERS患者非常类似

研究团队从患者的肺、肝和心脏组织中取得样本,组织学检查显示双侧弥漫性肺泡损伤,伴随细胞纤维粘液样渗出物。右肺显示出明显的肺细胞脱落和肺透明膜形成,表明患者患有急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)。左肺组织显示肺水肿和肺透明膜的形成,表明患有早期ARDS。

由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的严重肺炎的患者右肺(A)和左肺(B)组织,肝组织(C)和心脏组织(D)的病理表现

在两个肺中均可见到间质单核炎性细胞浸润,以淋巴细胞为主。在患者肺泡内腔中鉴定出多核合胞细胞,由于细胞核变大造成非典型的肺细胞增大,细胞中存在两亲性粒状细胞质和突出的核仁特征,表现出病毒性细胞病变。在核内或胞浆内没有发现明显的病毒包涵体。

研究团队提到,新冠肺炎的病理特征与SARS和中东呼吸综合征(MERS)患者出现的病理特征非常类似。

此外,新冠肺炎患者的肝样本显示中度微血管脂肪变性,以及轻度的肝小叶和门静脉活动,表明该损伤可能是由新冠病毒感染或药物性肝损伤引起的。

心脏组织间隙中有少量细胞单核炎性浸润,但心脏组织中没有其他实质性损害。

研究团队对患者的外周血进行了流式细胞分析。结果显示,血液中CD4和CD8 T细胞的数量大大减少,但它们却被过度激活。

此外,CD4 T细胞中高度促炎性CCR4 + CCR6 + Th17的浓度增加。同时,团队发现CD8 T细胞具有高浓度的细胞毒性颗粒,其中31.6%细胞为穿孔素阳性,64.2%细胞为颗粒溶素阳性,30.5%细胞为颗粒溶素和穿孔素双阳性。

研究结果表明,以Th17的增加和CD8 T细胞的高细胞毒性为表现的T细胞过度激活,能够部分解释该患者为什么产生了严重的免疫损伤。

X射线图像显示患者肺炎进展迅速,对于左右肺的损害存在差异。

此外,肝组织出现中度微血管脂肪变性和轻度小叶活动,但尚无确凿证据支持这是新冠病毒感染或药物引起的肝损伤。在患者心脏组织中没有发现明显的组织学变化,这表明新冠病毒感染可能不会直接损害心脏。

或考虑及时适当使用糖皮质激素和呼吸机

研究团队提到,尽管我们不建议常规使用糖皮质激素治疗新冠肺炎,但根据我们在病理研究中发现的肺水肿和肺透明膜形成,对于重症患者来说,应考虑及时适当使用糖皮质激素和呼吸机的治疗方法,从而避免ARDS(急性呼吸窘迫综合征)的恶化。

此外,淋巴细胞减少是新冠肺炎患者的常见特征,可能是与疾病严重程度和死亡率相关的关键因素。

研究团队总结,在这一新冠肺炎重症病例中,我们的临床和病理学发现不仅可以帮助确定死亡原因,还可以提供有关新冠病毒相关肺炎发病机理的新见解,这可能有助于医生及时制定类似重症患者的治疗策略,并降低死亡率。

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    2021-01-31 howi
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    2020-08-17 anminleiryan
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    2020-02-20 小刀医生
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    2020-02-18 njwbhuang

    尽管是活检,但还是有价值的

    0

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    2020-02-18 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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