Nature:成功实现造血干细胞靶向基因组编辑

2014-06-09 MedSci MedSci原创

日前,来自意大利 San Raffaele 科学研究所的研究人员在《自然》(Nature)杂志上称,他们在人类造血干细胞(HSC)突破性地实现了靶向基因组编辑。 基因治疗为一些因基因缺陷引起的遗传性疾病提供了良好的治疗效果。然而传统的方法是采用一种遗传工程载体将突变基因的一个功能拷贝传送到病变细胞添 加到基因组中。尽管更为先进的载体,例如慢病毒载体证实提高了安全性和疗效,利用半随机插入载体

日前,来自意大利 San Raffaele 科学研究所的研究人员在《自然》(Nature)杂志上称,他们在人类造血干细胞(HSC)突破性地实现了靶向基因组编辑。

基因治疗为一些因基因缺陷引起的遗传性疾病提供了良好的治疗效果。然而传统的方法是采用一种遗传工程载体将突变基因的一个功能拷贝传送到病变细胞添 加到基因组中。尽管更为先进的载体,例如慢病毒载体证实提高了安全性和疗效,利用半随机插入载体存在的插入突变及失控性转基因表达风险仍然令人们感到担 忧。这些不良效应有可能会触发癌症形成、毒性作用或破坏基因修饰细胞。

锌指核酸酶(ZFNs)、转录激活因子样效应蛋白核酸酶(TALEN)和 RNA 引导核酸酶(CRISPR/Cas)等人工核酸内切酶为基因打靶实现基因治疗效应带来了可能性。利用这些核酸酶可以有效和特异性地对基因组进行靶向编辑, 使得能够将表达组件整合到安全的基因组位点,或是通过在受累基因启动子下游插入一个功能性的拷贝纠正致病突变。相比于基因替代,这种基因修正不仅能够修复 功能,还能够恢复基因的生理表达,这是基因治疗长期追寻的一个目标。

在基因治疗中,造血干细胞因为具有自我更新及分化为各种细胞系的能力而成为一种很有吸引力的靶细胞。近年来,将外源目的基因导入造血干细胞,以纠正 或补偿基因缺陷和异常引起的疾病,特别是血液疾病如腺苷脱氨酶缺陷病、血友病、地中海贫血症及镰状细胞贫血症中已取得重要的进展,然而,在造血干细胞中实 现靶向基因组编辑却仍然是一个难题。

在这项最新研究中,研究人员发现其障碍在于同源重组只发生在周期细胞中(细胞周期的 S/G2),因而导致了在诸如 HSCs 一类的静息成体干细胞中进行这种基因组编辑操作效率低下。通过采用特异的传送平台和培养条件他们克服了这些障碍。

Genovese 和同事们首先用一些细胞因子对细胞进行了2天的预刺激,在第二天时利用一种病毒载体导入了重组模板。他们随后利用电流对细胞进行对细胞进行了渗透性处理, 然后添加设计的锌指核酸酶靶向目的 DNA 序列。用细胞因子进行预处理使得细胞对于导入核酸酶的毒性效应变得不太敏感,更重要的是这种处理促使一些细胞进入到细胞周期能够介导同源重组。此外,研究 人员还用两种芳(香)烃受体蛋白抑制剂dmPGE2和SR1处理了细胞,阻止了它们过早分化,使 HSCs 处于干细胞状态。

这一实验方案使得 Genovese 等在一些 HSCs 中实现了位点特异性基因组编辑,将修正互补 DNA 靶向到了HSCs 细胞的IL2RG 基因中。IL2RG 是 X-连锁重症联合免疫缺陷病(SCID-X1)的致病基因。当他们将这些处理细胞转移到免疫缺陷小鼠体内,证实基因编辑 HSCs 可以维持正常的造血并生成了功能性的淋巴细胞。

研究人员表示,这一突破性的成果为治疗SCID-X1 和其他基因缺陷疾病开辟了一条新途径。

原始出处:

Genovese P, Schiroli G, Escobar G, Di Tomaso T, Firrito C, Calabria A, Moi D, Mazzieri R, Bonini C, Holmes MC, Gregory PD, van der Burg M, Gentner B, Montini E, Lombardo A, Naldini L.Targeted genome editing in human repopulating haematopoietic stem cells. Nature. 2014 May 28. doi: 10.1038/nature13420.

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    2014-12-16 liye789132251
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    2014-06-11 俅侠
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    2014-06-10 lovetcm

    向治疗迈一大步

    0

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基因编辑工具CRISPR/Cas9:创造新生命

细菌也有敌人,其最大的敌人之一是噬菌体,因为后者可以进攻和吞食细菌。面对攻击,细菌最有效的还击是,“祭”出一种武器 CRISPR,以保护自身。CRISPR有些拗口,称为规律成簇间隔短回文重复,实际上就是一种基因编辑工具(又称为 CRISPR-Cas9 系统),是细菌用以保护自身对抗病毒的一个系统,也就是一种对付攻击者的基因武器。 初识基因编辑工具 1

CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因组定点编辑技术

   Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas)9系统成功被改造为第三代人工核酸内切酶,与锌指核酸内切酶(zinc finger endonuclease,ZFN)和类转录激活因子效应物核酸酶(transcription acti