贝达喹啉治疗多重耐药性肺结核的潜在风险

2020-03-31 QQY MedSci原创

作为全球发生性疾病,肺结核的治疗受其耐药性的制约。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的数据显示,在2016年有49万多重耐药性结核病(MDR-TB)病例中,广泛耐药性结核病(XDR-TB)病例高达6.2%。

作为全球发生性疾病,肺结核的治疗受其耐药性的制约。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的数据显示,在2016年有49万多重耐药性结核病(MDR-TB)病例中,广泛耐药性结核病(XDR-TB)病例高达6.2%。

MDR-TB表现为同时对利福平及异烟肼具有耐药性,但对氟喹诺酮及阿米卡星敏感;而XDR-TB则是在MDR-TB的基础上至少同时对一种氟喹诺酮类及一种二线注射类抗结核药物(阿米卡星、卷曲霉素或卡那霉素)具有耐药性。

由于治疗方案有限,加上频繁的不良反应相关的药物耐受性,以及高治疗失败率及死亡率,XDR结核病的治疗极具挑战性。

贝达喹啉(Bedaquiline)是一种治疗肺结核的高效的抗结核病药物,作为耐药性肺结核(DR-TB)治疗方案中的重要组成部分,其能够改善多重耐药性结核病的治疗效果,提高患者的生存率。贝达喹啉与德拉马尼(delamanid)作为被批准的两种治疗多重耐药性及广泛耐药性肺结核的新药,近期有多篇研究报道了其在肺结核中的治疗效果及耐药性研究。

迄今为止,在临床上分离得到结核病患者感染的结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)中,耐药相关的突变体(RAV)分离株几乎都是由Rv0678基因突变所引起的。Rv0678突变可以提高结核分枝杆菌对贝达喹啉和氯法齐明(clofazimine)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。

在“Bedaquiline Microheteroresistance after Cessation of Tuberculosis Treatment”研究中,研究人员报告了一名65岁南非男子的病例,2013年被诊断为MDR-TB。X线片显示该患者双侧肺结核并伴左肺空洞化。最初采用标准治疗,包括莫西沙星、吡嗪酰胺、卡那霉素、乙硫异烟胺、异烟肼及特立齐酮。

在最初临床治疗改善后,患者的培养再次出现阳性,并且出现双肺空洞化。明确其对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药后,治疗方案改为大剂量异烟肼、乙胺丁醇、吡嗪酰胺、特立齐酮、利奈唑胺、对氨基水杨酸及卡那霉素。22天后添加了贝达喹啉,维持治疗6个月。

然而,该患者的培养持续为阳性(治疗失败),在更改治疗方案15个月后停止治疗。停止治疗7个月后,该患者死亡。

研究人员对该患者八个时间段采集的结核分枝杆菌分离株(A至H)进行全基因组测序、Rv0678基因靶向测序及贝达喹啉抗性测试。

对标准治疗4.7个月后得到的分离株A进行全基因组测序的结果显示:携带突变的菌株对利福平、异烟肼、乙胺丁醇、乙硫酰胺、氟喹诺酮、吡嗪酰胺及链霉素等药物均具有抗性。

更改治疗2个月后得到的分离株C的WGS结果表明:在添加贝达喹啉的治疗方案中,存在五种潜在的有效药物。针对分离株C的靶向测序显示,Rv0678基因第192位碱基处发生插入突变,突变频率为0.05%,且存在微异质性耐药性(即存在抗药性相关性等位基因,频率<1%) 。但在添加贝达喹啉治疗前得到的分离株B中则不存在该突变体。

在贝达喹啉戒断后得到的分离株D中,90%以上的菌中均有该插入突变。在随后检测的分离株中,Rv0678第192位插入突变频率降低,但在Rv0678基因中出现了另外两种不同的插入突变:分离株E中第138位碱基处插入了GA,分离株F中第138位碱基处插入了G;在停止所有治疗后得到的分离株G和H中,均存在第138位的G碱基插入。分离株D、E、F、G和H均表现出对贝达喹啉耐药。

该病例提示,长期采用贝达喹啉治疗可诱导结核分枝杆菌对贝达喹啉耐药,而且耐药突变多样。

无独有偶,在“Emergence of Low-level Delamanid and Bedaquiline Resistance During Extremely Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Treatment”研究中,研究人员报告了一例XDR-TB病例,在治疗期间出现了对氯法齐明、贝达喹啉和低剂量德拉马尼的耐药性。

该患者为50岁男性,于1993年和2012年先后两次被诊断为肺结核。后在2016年12月于德国采用对氨基水杨酸、氯法齐明、利奈唑胺、环丝氨酸、甲氧苄啶/新诺明及德拉马尼的经验疗法。

经体外药敏试验(DST)明确该患者为XDR-TB。随后,治疗方案中添加了贝达喹啉。在治疗的第22、32、42和64周对其重复进行分离菌株的DST及全基因组测序(WGS),发现与基线分离株相比,仅与德拉马尼、贝达喹啉和氯法齐明抗药性相关基因出现了新的突变。

WGS显示在第22、32、42及64周得到的分离株中,Rv0678插入突变(185ins_CAG)分别占总数的48%(119/248)、87%(136/156)、87%(194/223)及92%(263/286)。 DST结果也显示,这些分离株对贝达喹啉和氯法齐明均具有耐药性。

该病例提示,贝达喹啉和氯法齐明具有交叉耐药性。广泛使用氯法齐明治疗多重耐药性结核病可能不仅会诱导对氯法齐明耐药,而且还可能诱导对贝达喹啉的耐药性。采用贝达喹啉治疗多重耐药性结核病时不仅需要警惕其自身诱导的耐药性,还应警惕氯法齐明诱导的交叉耐药性的出现。目前WHO已建议将贝达喹啉列为A类药物,因此在制定MDR-结核病治疗方案时,更应注重这一点,这一点也将可能会成为决定贝达喹啉广泛应用的重要因素。

原始出处:

1.de Vos Margaretha,Ley Serej D,Wiggins Kristin B et al. Bedaquiline Microheteroresistance after Cessation of Tuberculosis Treatment.[J] .N. Engl. J. Med., 2019, 380: 2178-2180.

2.Polsfuss Silke,Hofmann-Thiel Sabine,Merker Matthias et al. Emergence of Low-level Delamanid and Bedaquiline Resistance During Extremely Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Treatment.[J] .Clin. Infect. Dis., 2019, 69: 1229-1231.

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    2020-04-01 1226a71am04(暂无昵称)

    好好学习

    0

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