垂体腺瘤合并蝶窦脓肿的临床特点及手术疗效分析

2019-09-04 王子豪 黄楠 高路 中国微侵袭神经外科杂志

为总结垂体腺瘤合并蝶窦脓肿的临床特点、治疗与预后,北京协和医院神经外科2012年8月-2017年7月收治7例伴有蝶窦脓肿的垂体腺瘤病人,现报道如下。

为总结垂体腺瘤合并蝶窦脓肿的临床特点、治疗与预后,北京协和医院神经外科2012年8月-2017年7月收治7例伴有蝶窦脓肿的垂体腺瘤病人,现报道如下。
 
1.对象与方法
 
1.1临床资料
 
男2例,女5例;年龄19~66岁,平均年龄(33.0±16.0)岁。初治垂体腺瘤1例,复发性垂体腺瘤6例;ACTH腺瘤3例,GH腺瘤1例,无功能腺瘤3例。临床表现:视力下降、视野缺损4例;闭经、月经紊乱4例;头晕、头痛3例;面圆呈红色、皮肤紫纹、向心性肥胖、体质量增加等库欣综合征相关症状3例;泌乳1例;恶心、呕吐1例;面容改变1例。
 
影像学检查(图1):所有病人一期手术前行鞍区平扫和增强MRI,其中6例可见蝶窦内长T1、长T2信号,1例可见蝶窦内等/短T1、长T2信号,增强后6例可见均匀或不均匀强化,1例无强化。
 
二期手术术前鞍区平扫和增强MRI显示:3例可见蝶窦内异常信号较前减少,同时伴有蝶窦黏膜增厚;4例可见蝶窦内异常信号消失,伴或不伴蝶窦黏膜增厚。既往手术史:所有病人既往曾于外院接受过经鼻蝶窦手术,其中5例曾接受经鼻蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术,1例曾接受鼻窦手术,1例曾先后接受过经鼻蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术和鼻窦手术。



图1垂体腺瘤合并蝶窦脓肿病人分期手术前MRI检查。1A~1D分别为一期蝶窦脓肿清除术前矢状位T1WI、冠状位T1WI、增强扫描矢状位、增强扫描冠状位1E~1H分别为二期经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术前矢状位T1WI、冠状位T1WI、增强扫描矢状位、增强扫描冠状位
 
1.2治疗方法
 
由于术前已明确垂体腺瘤合并蝶窦脓肿的诊断,因此通过两次手术先后清除蝶窦脓肿和切除垂体腺瘤。首先行一期手术,即经鼻蝶窦入路脓肿清除术。凿开蝶窦腹侧壁或切开蝶窦黏膜瘢痕后,可见蝶窦腔内存在脓液,予以留取细菌及真菌培养后,彻底清除腔内所有脓性分泌物、明显增厚的蝶窦黏膜以及疤痕纤维组织,反复以双氧水、络合碘盐水和含抗生素的生理盐水冲洗蝶窦腔。
 
为防止蝶窦脓肿播散造成颅内感染,终止手术,不打开鞍底。蝶窦不留置任何异物,最后在蝶窦内放置碘仿纱条,经鼻黏膜引流至鼻腔,切开的鼻黏膜复位,鼻腔内填入凡士林纱条。明确诊断后病人采取静脉抗生素治疗1周以上,出院后继续口服抗生素1个月左右。所应用的静脉抗生素主要为第2代头孢菌素(头孢呋辛或头孢美唑)或第3代头孢菌素(头孢曲松或头孢他啶)。
 
若细菌或真菌培养结果阳性,则根据药物敏感试验结果选择敏感药物。术后3~6个月复查鞍区MRI显示蝶窦脓肿治愈,再次行二期手术治疗,即经鼻蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术。
 
本组研究中2次手术间隔时间2.5~5.8个月,平均(4.1±1.1)个月。所有病人垂体腺瘤切除术后3个月、1年于门诊随访并得到术后资料,主要包括鞍区平扫和增强MRI检查,此后根据病情每1~2年随访1次。
 
2.结果
 
2.1脓液培养
 
本组病人术中均留取脓液、脓壁组织以及增厚的蝶窦黏膜,并送病原学培养,主要包括细菌及真菌培养。7例送检标本均检出致病微生物,阳性率为100%。革兰阳性菌6例,其中3例检出苯唑西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌,1例检出苯唑西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌,1例检出革兰阳性球菌,1例检出苯唑西林耐药的表皮葡萄球菌;其中2例标本伴有真菌感染,分别检出曲霉菌属和酵母样孢子。此外,1例检出革兰阴性球杆菌。脓肿清除术及抗生素治疗后3~6个月,蝶窦脓肿均痊愈。
 
2.2随访及疗效
 
本组病人随访2~56个月,平均(37.8±22.2)个月。肿瘤全切除5例,术后获得内分泌水平及症状缓解;次全切除或部分切除2例,其中1例术后继续行醋酸奥曲肽治疗,1例术后行放疗,残存瘤体明显缩小,复查未见肿瘤增大及激素异常。
 
3.讨论
 
3.1病因
 
蝶窦脓肿是经鼻蝶窦手术后发生的一种较为罕见但可造成严重影响的并发症,对此类蝶窦脓肿的认识大多来源于为数不多的个案报道。本研究中7例病人既往均曾接受过经鼻蝶窦手术。文献报道:造成蝶窦脓肿的原因主要包括经鼻蝶手术方法不规范、引流不充分,加之手术创伤及其造成的蝶窦炎、蝶窦黏膜增生会导致蝶窦梗阻,蝶窦内分泌物引流受阻,同时病人术后出现免疫力下降等情况,鼻腔内定植菌增殖成为致病菌,进而引起蝶窦脓肿。
 
3.2临床表现
 
垂体腺瘤合并蝶窦脓肿病人的临床表现多样,缺乏特异性。除具有垂体腺瘤相关的临床表现外,尚有一些与蝶窦脓肿相关的临床表现。本组4例病人视力、视野障碍,主要包括视力下降、单或双颞侧偏盲等。其原因可能为蝶窦脓肿压迫垂体腺瘤并使之向上移位,继而造成视神经受压,也有文献报道继发于蝶窦脓肿的视神经炎造成视力下降、偏盲等症状。头痛、头晕同样为本组病人较为常见的症状之一,共3例,其部位和程度均无明显特征,可能由于蝶窦脓肿的炎性刺激导致。
 
据文献报道,眶后部头痛对于提示蝶窦脓肿有一定意义。此外,闭经、月经紊乱、泌乳等垂体前叶功能低下症状、库欣综合征相关症状、面容改变等临床表现主要与蝶窦脓肿合并的垂体腺瘤相关。据文献报道,蝶窦脓肿作为一种感染性疾病,发热同样也是常见的症状之一,本组病人均未出现体温升高征象,可能与本研究样本量较小和发现较早有关。
 
3.3影像学表现
 
除具有垂体腺瘤的影像学特征外,还可见到蝶窦内异常信号,其中大多数病人可见蝶窦内长T1、长T2信号,增强后多数可见均匀或不均匀强化。脓肿清除术后蝶窦内异常信号明显减少甚至消失。
 
3.4诊断
 
由于其病情隐匿,蝶窦脓肿的诊断易被临床医师忽视,通常在行垂体腺瘤切除术时偶然发现,术前及时发现蝶窦脓肿对于及早行脓肿清除术和避免颅内感染非常重要。本中心对于蝶窦脓肿的术前正确诊断率为100%。作者认为符合以下情况时,可提示蝶窦脓肿的诊断:①病人既往有蝶窦手术史。②术后出现视力、视野障碍、头痛、发热等症状。③鞍区MRI提示蝶窦内炎性异常信号。④经鼻蝶窦手术过程中或内镜探查术中发现蝶窦腔内存在脓性分泌物。
 
3.5治疗
 
临床上治疗合并蝶窦脓肿的垂体腺瘤时,为预防颅内感染,通常需要在蝶窦脓肿治愈后,对垂体腺瘤行手术治疗。本中心的经验是先一期行蝶窦脓肿清除术,同时辅以抗生素治疗。脓肿清除术通常可采取经鼻蝶入路,术中需注意彻底清除腔内所有脓性分泌物,并反复以双氧水、络合碘盐水和含抗生素的生理盐水冲洗蝶窦腔,最后在蝶窦内放置碘仿纱条。术中同时切除明显增厚的蝶窦黏膜和疤痕纤维组织,可避免蝶窦囊肿或脓肿的复发。
 
注意术中不打开鞍底,以防脑膜炎和颅内感染。术前及术后同时给予静脉或口服抗生素治疗,早期可应用广谱抗生素,之后根据细菌或真菌培养结果及药敏结果选择更有效的抗生素。有文献报道单纯应用抗生素治疗蝶窦脓肿效果有限,仅在脓肿清除术前及术后应用抗生素作为辅助治疗。最终,待复查鞍区MRI证实蝶窦脓肿好转或痊愈后,再二期行垂体腺瘤切除术。
 
本组研究中两次手术的间隔时间为2.5~5.8个月,其主要取决于蝶窦脓肿治愈与否。垂体腺瘤合并蝶窦脓肿较为罕见,且病情隐匿,单中心对其诊治相对缺乏经验,大多依靠主刀医师个人的手术经验来处理,缺乏规范化的诊疗共识。既往经鼻蝶窦手术后出现视力、视野障碍、眶后部头痛、发热等症状,鞍区MRI可见蝶窦内异常信号,蝶窦内发现脓液,可提示蝶窦脓肿。垂体腺瘤合并蝶窦脓肿的治疗,关键在于彻底清除脓肿、围手术期合理应用抗生素,待蝶窦脓肿好转或治愈后行垂体腺瘤切除手术。
 
原始出处:

王子豪,黄楠,高路,郭晓鹏,汪强,冯陈哲,邓侃,冯铭,连伟,幸兵.垂体腺瘤合并蝶窦脓肿的临床特点及手术疗效分析[J].中国微侵袭神经外科杂志,2018(07):291-293.

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    2019-09-06 hunizi009
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1647250, encodeId=ed83164e250a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e9bae04003f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疗效分析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70400, encryptionId=e9bae04003f, topicName=疗效分析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=219323401160, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Sat May 16 14:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1933891, encodeId=f95b193389191, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c1c2288877' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床特点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22888, encryptionId=7c1c2288877, topicName=临床特点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3679417, createdName=feather78, createdTime=Wed Jan 29 03:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1458269, encodeId=759714582699b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=beff41500cf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#垂体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41500, encryptionId=beff41500cf, topicName=垂体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Fri Sep 06 11:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1469663, encodeId=3bf5146966318, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=797f4151699' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#垂体腺瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41516, encryptionId=797f4151699, topicName=垂体腺瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18187055965, createdName=ZGMFX26A, createdTime=Fri Sep 06 11:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1537284, encodeId=b5a3153e284e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a988520e74' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脓肿#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85207, encryptionId=8a988520e74, topicName=脓肿)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d01712842068, createdName=hunizi009, createdTime=Fri Sep 06 11:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1032269, encodeId=f817103226966, content=谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=内科新手, createdTime=Wed Sep 04 23:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-09-04 内科新手

    谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多

    0

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New Engl J Med:患巨人症和肢端肥大是因为基因突变?

生长是由一系列激素经过复杂的调控程序而导致的,这些激素来源于下丘脑,垂体和外周组织。遗传性疾病会引起生长激素分泌增加,导致肢端肥大。如果在骨骺闭合之前生长激素过度分泌,就会引起儿童型巨人症。非综合征型巨人症是由腺垂体的分泌紊乱所导致的,通常表现为家族性孤立垂体腺瘤或偶发垂体腺瘤。目前生长激素所导致的儿童巨人症和成人指端肥大的发病率正在上升,但是对于巨人症和肢端肥大症遗传学基础的认识还不够充分。为了

NEJM:跷跷板眼球震颤-案例报道

跷跷板眼球震颤是一种摆动性眼球震颤,被报道这类患者的巨鞍上病变挤压间脑区域。这种形式的眼球震颤已被归因于前庭眼反射的适应不良和眼反滚动反应失调所致。

垂体腺瘤内颈内动脉动脉瘤1例

男,53岁,因鼻衄伴头痛、进行性视力下降2 d入院。入院前2 d,无明显诱因出现右侧鼻腔出血,量约200 ml,填塞鼻腔后停止,伴头痛,无恶心、呕吐、视力障碍等,急诊入住当地医院治疗,头痛逐渐加重,第二天出现右眼视物模糊,视力下降,很快失明,同时右侧眼睑下垂、瞳孔散大至4 mm,对光反射消失;然后左侧瞳孔散大至3 mm,对光反射消失,左眼视力也迅速下降,仅有光感。