经皮脊柱内镜处理双节段腰椎管狭窄症合并椎管内骨化三例

2019-02-25 周庆 孔清泉 张斌 中国骨与关节杂志

腰椎管狭窄症(LSS)包括发育性椎管狭窄和继发性椎管狭窄,继发性椎管狭窄原因包括退变性椎管狭窄、椎管内骨化所导致的狭窄、肿瘤性狭窄和外伤性狭窄等。骨化性疾病导致的继发性LSS包括椎体后缘离断(PRAS),后纵韧带、纤维环、黄韧带的骨化或钙化等。目前经皮脊柱内镜技术(PED)已逐渐成为治疗LSS的主要手术方式之一。文献报道经皮内镜下腰椎椎管减压术(PELD)治疗合并同节段PRAS、后纵韧带骨化和纤维

腰椎管狭窄症(LSS)包括发育性椎管狭窄和继发性椎管狭窄,继发性椎管狭窄原因包括退变性椎管狭窄、椎管内骨化所导致的狭窄、肿瘤性狭窄和外伤性狭窄等。骨化性疾病导致的继发性LSS包括椎体后缘离断(PRAS),后纵韧带、纤维环、黄韧带的骨化或钙化等。目前经皮脊柱内镜技术(PED)已逐渐成为治疗LSS的主要手术方式之一。文献报道经皮内镜下腰椎椎管减压术(PELD)治疗合并同节段PRAS、后纵韧带骨化和纤维环骨化等椎管内骨化的腰椎疾患(椎间盘突出或椎管狭窄症)的临床效果与传统开放技术方式无差异。合并双节段椎管内骨化类疾患并同时导致临床症状的病例比较少见,目前尚无文献报道PELD治疗前述疾病的报道。椎管内骨化的节段、位置、大小、范围和骨化的成熟程度是影响内镜下手术入路选择以及减压难度和风险的主要因素。关于椎管内骨化的位置描述,笔者采用中央椎管、侧方椎管和椎间孔外侧来描述。对于侧方椎管的位置,笔者采用孔清泉教授提出的侧隐窝华西分型对侧方椎管进行分五区(图1,表1)。现结合下面3例合并椎管内骨化疾患的双节段椎管狭窄症病例,深入探讨经皮脊柱内镜技术的优势、手术方式选择和手术技巧。



临床资料

病例1  临床资料:患者,男,23岁,因“腰部疼痛5年,双侧臀部疼痛1年,伴左下肢疼痛麻木20天”入院,臀部疼痛及腿痛在久站及行走后加重,左臀部疼痛和左下肢疼痛同时出现,休息后缓解,呈间歇性。查体:各棘突及棘突旁无压叩痛,双下肢皮肤感觉无明显异常,左足拇长伸肌IV级,左侧腓骨长短肌IV级,右侧下肢肌力V级,左下肢直腿抬高试验(+)(50°)、加强试验(+),右下肢直腿抬高试验(-);双下肢Babinski征(-)。疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS):腰部3分,双侧臀部5分,左下肢7分。腰椎CT及MRI提示:L4~5椎间盘突出伴纤维环骨化,软性突出为主,L5~S1椎间盘突出,后纵韧带骨化。

诊断:(1)L4~5、L5~S1椎管狭窄症;(2)L4~5、L5~S1后纵韧带骨化。

病情分析:左侧症状为L5神经根受压导致,受压节段L4~5,位于侧方椎管1、2区,致压因素:突出的髓核组织。右臀部疼痛症状可能为L5~S1骨化所致。该病例上一节段的侧方椎管4区(L4椎体下缘)有较大骨化位于中央管区。参与致病的侧隐窝狭窄包括L4~5节段左侧1、2区的软性椎间盘突出和上位节段4区的骨化。椎管狭窄范围包括L4~5、L5~S1节段中央椎管区,其中L5~S1节段重度狭窄,狭窄前后径>50%,任其发展可能出现马尾神经功能障碍,应予以减压。

手术方案:采用分期手术治疗。一期手术在“基础+局麻”下采用经左侧L4~5椎间孔入路经皮内镜椎管减压(PETD),术中采用二次成形技术,进行椎间盘髓核摘除、椎管减压、神经根松解、纤维环成形术。具体手术关键步骤:第一次成形术中以左侧L4~5椎间孔上关节突尖为穿刺靶点,在镜下对上关节突和部分峡部进行剥离显露。显露后在内镜下依次对上关节突上方的峡部区域及上关节突“腹侧与基底部”分别进行2次成形,完成对上节段4区背侧和侧隐窝1区、2区背外侧的减压,其中对于L4椎体下缘的骨化尽量彻底切除,寻找到骨化凸起边缘并以此为界,采用磨钻。对神经结构的腹侧进行减压;磨钻逐步磨除4区及位于中央椎管区的后纵韧带骨化组织,完成椎管内270°减压。二期手术在全麻下经右侧L5~S1椎板间入路(PEID),椎间盘髓核摘除、神经根松解、纤维环成形术。二次手术在全麻下进行,经L5~S1右侧椎板间,磨除部分L5右侧下关节突及椎板,推挤开硬膜囊后经S1神经根腋下和肩上对后纵韧带骨化进行磨除,并对中央椎管偏对侧区域进行减压,磨除范围达到2个磨钻球头范围。
5.手术效果:术后腰臀部疼痛及左下肢麻木较术前明显减轻,出现右下肢足底一过性麻木,1周以后缓解,切口愈合良好。术后CT提示:L4~5节段骨化组织及软性突出完全清除,L5~S1左侧侧隐窝(1区)残留部分骨化组织。术后3个月VAS评分:腰痛1分,左臀部0分,左下肢0分(图2)。



病例2   临床资料:患者,女,50岁,因“右下肢疼痛麻木半年,间歇性跛行1个月”入院。5年前因右下肢小腿外侧疼痛麻木,在外院诊断L4~5椎间盘突出症,行MED下L4~5椎间盘突出髓核摘除术。术后右下肢疼痛缓解,出现右足下垂。患者于入院前半年出现右侧臀部及下肢大腿外侧、小腿前方疼痛,右小腿外侧至拇趾背侧区域麻木。近1个月步行50m即出现麻木加重,休息10min后可缓解。查体:无棘突及椎旁肌叩击痛、放射痛。右侧膝关节周围、小腿内外侧、足背内侧皮肤痛觉减退。右侧股四头肌肌力IV级,右侧踝背伸,右足拇背伸肌力II级。双侧踝反射(-),双侧膝反射(+)。双侧直腿抬高试验(-)。VAS评分:腰痛2分,右臀部4分,右下肢6分。CT提示:L3~4后纵韧带骨化,骨化灶与椎体后缘有一线状透亮区,L3~4平面椎管狭窄,L4~5椎间盘突出伴纤维环骨化。

诊断:(1)L3~4椎管狭窄症伴后纵韧带骨化;(2)L4~5椎间盘突出症MED术后复发伴纤维环骨化。

病情分析:右侧症状为右侧L4、L5神经根受压导致,受压节段L3~4、L4~5。致压因素:L3~4为后纵韧带骨化组织,L4~5为突出的髓核组织。L3~4节段狭窄区域为偏右侧的中央椎管区和右侧1、2区和上位节段侧方椎管4区,中央椎管狭窄面积<50%。L4~5节段椎间盘突累及右侧1区和2区侧隐窝,骨化位于中央椎管区。

手术方案:一期手术:右侧PETD经关节突间隙成形L4~5突出髓核摘除,神经根松解。二期手术:右侧PETD经椎间孔二次成形技术L3~4后纵韧带骨化占位切除。两次手术均在局麻+静脉麻醉下进行。一次手术以右侧L4~5椎间孔上关节腹侧为穿刺靶点,采用环锯对上关节突腹侧及基底部进行二次成形,完成对侧隐窝1区和2区的减压,并对软性的椎间盘突出进行处理,摘除髓核。一期手术后患者右臀部疼痛及小腿外侧疼痛缓解,遗留右膝前疼痛麻木,伸膝无力未改善。遂行二期手术通过环锯2次成形完成对L3~4右侧1、2区和上位节段4区侧方椎管的减压,并用环锯对中央椎管区域的骨化进行切除,彻底解除右侧L4神经根压迫。

手术效果:术后右侧臀腿部及下肢疼痛麻木较术前明显减轻,右侧踝背伸,右足拇背伸肌力较术前无明显改善。术后CT提示:L3~4节段右侧侧隐窝及中央区骨化组织完全切除,L4~5节段骨化组织及软性突出基本清除,右L5神经根减压彻底。术后6个月VAS评分:腰痛1分,右臀部0分,右下肢1分(图3)。



病例3   临床资料:男,34岁,因“L4~5经皮内镜术后2年,双臀部及右下肢疼痛6个月”入院。入院前2年患者因久站、久坐后左小腿外侧疼痛麻木,在我院诊断L4~5椎间盘突出症,并行PELDL4~5髓核摘除术。入院前6个月患者出现双臀部及右小腿内侧疼痛、麻木,行走后加重,平卧休息可缓解。查体:下腰部轻微压叩痛,腰椎活动无明显受限,右小腿前内侧皮肤浅感觉轻度减退,右股四头肌肌力IV级,右下肢直腿抬高试验(+),右膝反射稍减弱(+)。VAS评分:腰部3分,右臀部7分,左臀5分,右下肢7分。CT及MRI影像学检查提示:L3、L4椎体下缘后1/2至1/3可见类圆形或分叶状骨质缺损区,大小不一,与同层面椎间盘等密度,边缘清楚,有厚薄不一的骨质硬化带,缺损区后方骨块突入椎管内。

诊断:(1)L3~4椎间盘突出症伴PRAS;(2)L4~5椎间盘突出伴PRAS内镜术后。

病情分析:患者第一次发病左小腿外侧症状为左侧L5神经根受压导致。致压物为软性的髓核突出。手术采用经左侧PETDL4~5椎间盘髓核摘除、神经根松解、纤维环成形术,手术以摘除软性椎间盘突出解除左侧L5神经根压迫为主。术后左下肢小腿外侧疼痛麻木缓解。第二次发病右小腿内侧症状为L4神经根受压导致,受压节段L3~4,位于侧方椎管1、2区。致压因素:突出髓核组织。致压物靠近L3~4节段左侧,累及左侧,1、2区和上位节段4区侧隐窝。从症状侧(右侧)减压到对侧困难较大,故采用双侧减压。影像学上L4~5椎间盘突出并伴有椎体后缘离断,但不参与致病,骨化<50%椎管前后径,可不予处理。

手术方案:手术采用双侧PETDL3~4椎间孔成形、椎管减压、椎间盘髓核摘除、神经根松解、纤维环成形、骨化切除。右侧主要通过2次成形对1、2区进行减压,解除右侧L4神经根压迫,缓解症状。左侧通过2次成形对1、2区和上位节段4区侧隐窝进行减压,并对中央椎管区域的骨化组织进行磨除,彻底减压,防止远期骨化进展。

手术效果:术后臀部疼痛及右下肢疼痛明显缓解。术后CT示:L3椎体后缘离断骨化组织彻底去除。术后MRI示:L3~4节段椎管狭窄彻底减压。术后6个月VAS评分:腰痛2分,双侧臀部1分,右下肢1分(图4)。



讨论

椎管内骨化切除与否以及是否需要彻底切除    对于骨化类疾病是否需要切除,如切除是否需要彻底切除,尚存在一定争议。笔者认为应从占位骨化是否参与致病,切除的难易和风险来考虑是否予以切除。具体要根据骨化的节段、位置、大小、范围以及骨化成熟程度进行综合考量。对于双节段骨化伴狭窄,需明确责任节段,确定骨化结构是否参与致病。占位骨化如果明确参与致病,且切除的难度和风险不大时务必予以切除。如位于中央椎管的骨化结构不参与致病,且不大时(骨化未达到关节突关节面水平或骨化结构前后径<50%椎管前后径)可不切除,在技术条件允许风险可控的情况下,能切的尽量切除。不能明确是否参与致病时,无论大小,应尽可能切除。倘若骨化结构≥50%或骨化超过关节骨关节面水平,即使未出现相关症状,考虑到骨化类疾病存在持续进展的风险,仅仅对受累神经根周围的侧隐窝区进行有限减压,不对骨化组织进行彻底清除,后期骨化可能进展,压迫加重甚至出现马尾神经损害,彼时再处理将更困难,手术效果也会更差,所以笔者采用能切除尽量切除的原则。若骨化结构占位≥50%,并伴有马尾神经损伤表现,建议慎用全脊柱内镜手术。因此笔者对病例1患者L4~5节段骨化组织完全清除,L5~S1进行中央椎管区参与致病的右侧骨化组织切除,使硬膜囊压迫解除,左侧侧隐窝(1区)残留少部分骨化结构。后期如出现症状,可行经皮内镜下经左侧椎板间入路L5~S1节段手术减压,手术难度将大大降低。病例2患者L3~4、L4~5双节段狭窄骨化均参与致病,因此笔者选择了L4~5髓核摘除,L3~4骨化彻底切除减压。病例3患者二次发病时仅L3~4节段参与致病,因此选择了L3~4节段的减压以及骨化切除。

PETD还是PEID的选择    两种术式的优缺点和适应证存在一些争议。一些学者认为PEID可以充分切除关节突、关节囊、黄韧带,解除关节囊及椎间盘来源的压迫,可对1、2、3、4区进行有效减压,并可直接对中央型椎管狭窄进行减压。但PEID为减压侧隐窝需进行切除较多关节突关节,在L5~S1节段,对1、3区减压时需磨除较多的骨性结构,且有损伤神经根的风险。一些学者认为PETD无法对椎弓根水平的侧隐窝进行有效减压,更不能对中央椎管进行减压。随着椎间孔成形技术的进步,不切除椎弓根的情况下,通过椎间孔入路可以显露1、2区及上一节段的5区,对于3、4区减压比较困难。PETD神经根损伤的发生率较低,而且经椎间孔入路未破坏脊柱的稳定结构,因为仅切除上关节突前内侧1/3和部分下关节突前方骨质,可较少术后节段性失稳的发生。对于如何选择PETD或PEID,笔者认为需综合病变节段、骨化位置、大小和范围等因素进行判断。中央椎管区域骨化:在L5~S1节段因髂脊阻挡PETD显露困难,PEID更有优势,骨化前后径≥50%,不适合行PETD,但如合并马尾神经症状,行PEID也需警惕加重神经损伤。L4~5节段,骨化前后径<50%,PETD和PEID均可有效切除骨化组织,PETD可保留更多的正常骨性结构,更有优势;骨化前后径≥50%,骨化后方边界高出关节突关节面,不适合行PETD,PEID相对具有优势,但需警惕神经损伤风险。L3~4以上的上腰椎节段,PETD适应证同L4~5节段,PEID神经损伤风险增加,需谨慎操作。侧隐窝区域骨化:PETD适合任何节段5区狭窄的处理,L5~S1节段PETD可对1、2、4区进行显露但较困难;L4~5节段显露1、2、4区PETD具有优势,3区不能充分显露。PEID显露L5~S1的1、2区具有优势,3、4区需去除较多关节突骨性结构;节段越往上,神经损伤风险越大,除非固定融合时切除关节突关节,否则PEID不能显露到5区,此时也可对3、4区进行充分显露(表2)。



切除骨化组织及减压技巧    对于累及1区、2区和上位节段4区的侧方椎管狭窄,笔者采用PETD以目标椎间孔上关节突尖为穿刺靶点,依次对上关节突尖部、上关节突腹侧及上关节突基底进行2次成形,完成对侧隐窝1区和上节段4区背侧、2区背外侧的减压。4区的减压有一定难度,需先对上关节突尖部头侧的峡部区域进行成形减压,为下一步对硬膜囊腹侧的骨化组织清除创造一定的位移空间,避免因推挤硬膜囊造成神经损伤。切除骨化组织时需寻找到骨化组织边界,即正常椎体后缘上下两端与隆起骨化组织形成的“斜坡”边缘,在充分止血和保护硬膜的前提下对骨化组织进行切除,务必把斜坡清理干净,以免形成锥状凸起对硬膜囊造成损伤。理想的减压范围应是凸起最顶点到边缘8~10mm(2个磨钻球头直径以上)。病例1在对L5~S1骨化切除时,切除范围达到2个磨钻球头直径(约8mm),基本达到骨化边缘。磨钻和环锯均可对骨化组织进行有效切除,环锯可以进行较大直径的柱状切除,更高效,但神经损伤的风险较大。磨钻可以精确地控制磨除的部位和程度,更安全,但效率相对环锯较低。笔者建议对峡部、上关节突尖腹侧减压时可用环锯进行二次成形,为保护硬膜囊,环锯不必完全整块切下,可预留少量骨组织,通过撬拨整块取出。中央椎管区域硬膜囊腹侧骨化组织需要推挤硬膜囊进行切除减压,建议使用磨钻进行逐步磨除,“以时间换空间”。PETD经中央椎管区减压到对侧时,减压达对侧神经根即应停止,继续向对侧神经根外侧减压可造成硬膜囊过度牵张而损伤神经。

综上所述,经皮脊柱内镜手术是治疗双节段LSS合并骨化类疾患的安全、有效的方法。
 
原始出处:

周庆;孔清泉;张斌;冯品; 经皮脊柱内镜处理双节段腰椎管狭窄症合并椎管内骨化三例报告;《中国骨与关节杂志》2019年第02期

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    2019-05-07 bugit
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    2019-02-27 cnxcy

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