血透中血管通路并发症,中心静脉导管的使用及并发症

2019-04-03 刘志红 蒋松 /中国医学论坛报

中心静脉导管(CVC)特点血液透析导管由高分子聚合物(通常是聚氨酯或硅树脂)制成,这使导管具有足够的阻力,兼有柔软性和血液相容性,大大降低了对血管壁的损伤。双腔导管的外径通常由11到14 French不等,为了降低再循环,通常动脉腔和静脉腔并行排列或呈同心轴排列,动脉出口距离静脉出口有2~3厘米。大多数公司制作的导管有三种长度,用于不同的穿刺部位。15~16厘米长导管通常放置在右侧颈内静脉,1

中心静脉导管(CVC)特点

血液透析导管由高分子聚合物(通常是聚氨酯或硅树脂)制成,这使导管具有足够的阻力,兼有柔软性和血液相容性,大大降低了对血管壁的损伤。

双腔导管的外径通常由11到14 French不等,为了降低再循环,通常动脉腔和静脉腔并行排列或呈同心轴排列,动脉出口距离静脉出口有2~3厘米。大多数公司制作的导管有三种长度,用于不同的穿刺部位。15~16厘米长导管通常放置在右侧颈内静脉,19~20厘米长导管一般放置在左侧颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉;而20~24厘米长导管通常用于股静脉穿刺。

带隧道带涤纶套导管由硅树脂或其它软性聚合物制成,与无涤纶套导管相比,带隧道带涤纶套导管更不易形成血栓。带隧道带涤纶套导管多数为双腔导管,通常将导管插入颈内静脉,仅在双侧颈内静脉闭塞的情况下才放置在股静脉。带隧道带涤纶套导管管径比无涤纶套导管大,血流量较高。

中心静脉导管使用情况

中心静脉血液透析导管目前仍是首次血液透析患者常用的血管通路。DOPPS研究表明,在中国北上广地区首次血管通路动静脉内瘘(AVF)为44%,CVC为50%;浙江大学医学院第一附属医院报道,836例首次血管通路的使用分布,开始血液透析时仅有73例(8.73%)患者使用AVF,其余763 例(91.2%)患者应用CVC作为血管通路,其中使用无涤纶导管719 例(86.01%),使用带隧道带涤纶套导管44例(5.26%)。安徽医科大学报道,首次HD使用CVC为72.9%, AVF使用仅为25.7%。而我们的研究亦表明首次透析血管通路AVF 仅占19.0%,而无涤纶套导管占79.9%。

穿刺部位及方法

右侧颈内静脉是临时导管穿刺的理想部位,因为它可以直接通向上腔静脉。临时导管的管口应该放置在上腔静脉与右心房的连接处,左侧颈内静脉通向右心房的血管比较迂曲,可能导致供血不足。股静脉是次选,锁骨下静脉仅用于前面所述血管不能穿刺时,主要原因为锁骨下静脉直径相对比较狭窄。

无涤纶套血液透析导管放置通常在床旁绝对无菌的条件下通过改良的Seldinger技术插入颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉或股静脉。超声介导是所有血液透析导管穿刺的必要设备。由于静脉的解剖复杂多变,即使经验丰富的专家根据解剖标志穿刺中心静脉,盲穿有时也十分困难。一项调查显示在104位患者中,27%的患者颈内静脉解剖出现异常。另一项研究表明,在79位患者中共进行100次导管穿刺,有28位患者出现了典型的血管闭塞、血栓、血管狭窄或者血管解剖出现异常。Meta分析表明,超声介导可以降低穿刺的失败率,减少并发症及多次重复穿刺。最近一项前瞻性研究表明,在900位患者中,超声介导下颈内静脉穿刺不仅可以提高成功率,减少并发症,还能减少导管感染。因而,2018年欧洲血管通路指南建议使用超声介导静脉导管穿刺,同时推荐在进行锁骨下与颈内静脉置管时应使用心电监护监测心律失常,此外,置管后还需胸片检查以确保导管的位置正确,避免造成气胸和血气胸。

CVC的常见并发症

中心静脉导管尽管使用非常普遍,但应尽量避免使用。在血液透析患者血管通路选择中,中心静脉置管的血栓形成和感染发生率最高,尤其是选择锁骨下静脉或左侧颈静脉置入导管时,甚至可以引起中心静脉狭窄。此外,血液透析导管的血流速率也在所有血管通路中最低,并且导管相关的死亡率最高。

血液透析导管相关并发症在穿刺和使用期间都会发生。穿刺并发症包括:出血,血肿,动脉破裂,空气栓塞,周期性喉返神经麻痹,纵膈积血,心房破裂,甚至心脏骤停。

超声介导导管穿刺是避免不良事件的重要条件。在一项对900位患者的研究中,与解剖标志指导定位相比,超声介导可降低颈动脉损伤,血肿,血胸及气胸的发生率。颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉临时导管置管时导管尖应定位在上腔静脉与右心房的连接处,以避免损伤心脏。长期并发症包括:导管内血栓形成,静脉内血栓形成,纤维蛋白鞘形成以及导管感染。

导管腔内血栓,管口周围纤维蛋白鞘,导管扭曲,导管移位且管口距血管壁太近都会导致导管阻塞。导管阻塞的表现有血流缓慢、腔内高压,这些可能导致血液透析不充分。最近一项研究表明,股静脉穿刺比颈内静脉穿刺更易形成血管内血栓。

无涤纶套导管和带隧道带涤纶套导管会引起出口感染,也会引发全身菌血症或败血症。感染通常由导管污染或皮肤表面细菌通过穿刺点进入血液引起的,偶尔也可能是其它部位的感染通过血行转移而来。致病菌常为葡萄球菌和革兰氏阴性杆菌,也可以是皮源性细菌及念珠菌。无涤纶套临时导管比带隧道带涤纶套导管更易引起感染。引起感染的危险因素有:穿刺点的数量,操作频次,病情严重程度,置管时间,紧急穿刺及手术史。

有关导管穿刺点与感染之间的关系,目前仍存在争议。一些非随机的前瞻性研究表明,穿刺股静脉比颈内静脉感染风险更高。但是,最近的一项随机对照研究表明,在750位随机抽取的患者中,两者的感染率在统计数据上并无明显差异。此外,该项研究还发现,体重指数(BMI)超过28.4 Kg/m2的肥胖患者股静脉穿刺比例更高,但发生感染几率并无明显上升,从而说明股静脉穿刺感染发生率并不高于其它部位。然而,无论从哪里穿刺,皮肤消毒和导管护理对预防感染均非常重要。在导管壁涂上聚维酮碘或抗生素及遵守无菌操作原则均可降低感染率。紧密封闭敷料会增加感染风险,因此每天更换纱布敷料是首选,以减少感染发生机会。

因为导管感染发生率和死亡率均极高,因而预防措施相当关键。指南推荐的预防措施包括:医护人员培训、绝对无菌预防措施、手卫生及超声介导穿刺。此外,股静脉置管时间应小于7天,颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉导管应在3周后更换。前瞻性研究表明,抗生素和涂有抗生素的导管可以降低感染率,但是因为担心出现耐药菌及过敏反应,并未得到广泛使用。抗生素封管已被证实可以降低感染率,但是药物毒性及细菌耐药性也是令人担忧的问题。一项近来的多中心双盲研究表明,在291位使用隧道临时导管的患者中,相比肝素封管,枸橼酸三钠封管可以使菌血症的发生率从每天0.41%降低到0.11%,并且尚未发现有严重不良事件发生。

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    2019-12-02 丁鹏鹏
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    2020-01-04 fusion
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    2019-04-05 luwei02
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    2019-04-05 183****7028

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