Lancet:多学科讨论:PURE研究“人应该多吃肉少吃主食”颠覆膳食观?

2017-09-20 常路 环球医学

传统观点认为,低脂饮食才是王道,此外,饱和脂肪酸也被视为一大“健康杀手”。但2017年8月,发表在《Lancet》的一项研究竟告诉我们:碳水化合物摄入量过高会增加死亡风险,而总脂肪和各类脂肪却与较低的总死亡风险相关。



传统观点认为,低脂饮食才是王道,此外,饱和脂肪酸也被视为一大“健康杀手”。但2017年8月,发表在《Lancet》的一项研究竟告诉我们:碳水化合物摄入量过高会增加死亡风险,而总脂肪和各类脂肪却与较低的总死亡风险相关。那么,高脂低碳水饮食真的能更长寿吗?请看本期多学科讨论组临床药师各抒己见为您梳理本文看点——

背景:宏量营养素与心血管疾病和死亡率之间的相关性存在争议。多数现有数据都来自于欧洲和北美等营养过剩地区的人群,因此此类人群是否能应用到其他人群是未知的。

方法:前瞻性城市流行病学(PURE)研究是一项大型流行病学队列研究,研究对象为18个国家的35~70岁的个体(2003年1月1日~2013年3月31日入组),中位随访7.4年(IQR,5.3~9.3)。135335名参与者的膳食摄入情况通过经过验证的食物频率调查问卷进行记录。首要结局指标为总死亡率和严重心血管事件(致命性心血管疾病、非致命性心肌梗死卒中心衰)。次要结局指标为所有心肌梗死、卒中、心血管疾病死亡率、非心血管疾病死亡率。基于营养(碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质)供能的百分比,将参与者分为5种营养物摄入组。研究人员评估了碳水化合物、总脂肪和每种类型脂肪与心血管疾病和总死亡率之间的相关性。研究人员使用具有随机截距(考虑到中心聚类)的多变量Cox脆弱性模型计算了风险比(HR)。

结果:随访期,研究人员记录了5796例死亡和4784例严重心血管疾病事件。摄入较高的碳水化合物与总死亡风险的增加相关(最高五分位数vs最低五分位数,HR,1.28;95% CI,1.12~1.46;P=0.0001),但是与心血管疾病或心血管疾病死亡风险不相关。摄入总脂肪和每种类型的脂肪与较低的总死亡风险相关(最高vs最低:总脂肪:HR,0.77;0.67~0.87;P<0.0001;饱和脂肪:0.86;0.76~0.99;P=0.0088;单不饱和脂肪:0.81;0.71~0.92;P<0.0001;多不饱和脂肪:0.80;0.71~0.89;P<0.0001)。较高的饱和脂肪摄入与较低的卒中风险相关(最高vs最低,HR,0.79;0.64~0.98;P=0.0498)。总脂肪和饱和脂肪和不饱和脂肪与心肌梗死或心血管疾病死亡风险都不显着相关。

结论:较高的碳水化合物摄入与较高的总死亡风险相关,而总脂肪和脂肪类型与较低的总死亡风险相关。总脂肪和脂肪类型都与心血管疾病、心肌梗死、心血管疾病死亡风险不相关,而饱和脂肪与卒中具有负相关性。应该根据这些成果重新考虑全球膳食指南。

多学科讨论记实:

研究人员指出,由于PURE研究的参与者多来自中低收入国家,饮食内碳水化合物所占的比例本就偏高,且多数来自精米、精面这些已被证实与一些疾病发生风险有关的精加工食物,因此推荐减少碳水化合物的摄入是可行的,不过他们不建议将这一比例降至50%以下。

至于脂肪的摄入,这次研究的结果对现有的标准和观念提出了不小的挑战。不过在如此颠覆的结论背后,作为一个队列的相关性研究,它仍然存在不足,比如除了饮食习惯外,有一些因素在这个研究中没有被考虑,比如睡眠习惯,饮酒以及是否有药物的滥用等等,这些也会影响死亡风险和一些疾病的发生,而且研究中的饮食因素也比较笼统,没有具体的食物成分分析。因此,为了更具有说服力,研究人员还需要更严谨的随机对照实验来证明结论。

美国NIH的Ramsden和Domenichiello两位学者指出,肉里面除了脂肪外,还有锌、铁、维生素K2和B12,这些有可能是长期食用碳水化合物者的短板。因此,PURE研究的结论更有可能是肉类里的营养成分纠正了这些不足。另外,加工的碳水化合物和精制的食物才有是风险增加的原因,而不是把帐全算在碳水化合物的身上。

而对于我国民众而言,2016年中国营养学会颁布的《中国居民膳食指南》,结合了国人的健康和饮食文化,提倡“食物多样,谷类为主;吃动平衡,健康体重;多吃蔬果、奶类、大豆;适量吃鱼、禽、蛋、瘦肉;少盐少油,控糖限酒”,核心内容是平衡、多样化,食之有度。脂肪的推荐量是20-30%,饱和脂肪在10%以下。

胡大一强调:“中国膳食结构的宝塔是符合国情的。‘照方抓药’也要考虑国情!”

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    2018-06-15 howi
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1829211, encodeId=3a40182921108, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Fri Jun 15 13:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=247631, encodeId=e2d224e63174, content=文章很好.值得分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Sep 25 17:27:23 CST 2017, time=2017-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=246559, encodeId=6167246559b6, content=感谢小编为我们准备了如此丰盛的精神大餐.同时也向作者致谢!认真学习了.点赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 08:13:08 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1350345, encodeId=0970135034578, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=224a85904ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#膳食#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85904, encryptionId=224a85904ad, topicName=膳食)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1439866, encodeId=7b271439866d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=35904318480' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多学科#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43184, encryptionId=35904318480, topicName=多学科)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=246042, encodeId=e8e9246042ad, content=好好努力学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Wed Sep 20 18:34:43 CST 2017, time=2017-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-25 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

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    0

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    2017-09-22 ylzr123

    感谢小编为我们准备了如此丰盛的精神大餐.同时也向作者致谢!认真学习了.点赞!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1829211, encodeId=3a40182921108, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Fri Jun 15 13:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=247631, encodeId=e2d224e63174, content=文章很好.值得分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Sep 25 17:27:23 CST 2017, time=2017-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=246559, encodeId=6167246559b6, content=感谢小编为我们准备了如此丰盛的精神大餐.同时也向作者致谢!认真学习了.点赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 08:13:08 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1350345, encodeId=0970135034578, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=224a85904ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#膳食#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85904, encryptionId=224a85904ad, topicName=膳食)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1439866, encodeId=7b271439866d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=35904318480' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多学科#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43184, encryptionId=35904318480, topicName=多学科)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=246042, encodeId=e8e9246042ad, content=好好努力学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Wed Sep 20 18:34:43 CST 2017, time=2017-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-22 zhaojie88
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    2017-09-20 忠诚向上

    好好努力学习

    0

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