肾功能不全患者,怎样选择抗菌药物?

2016-03-04 医学之声 医学之声

肾脏是大部分抗菌药物及其代谢产物的主要排泄器官,在肾功能不全时容易导致这些药物在体内积聚以致发生毒性反应,尤其是肾毒性抗菌药物。因此,肾功能不全患者应用抗菌药物时,不能按常规用量给予,必须根据肾功能损害程度调整给药方案。   一、肾功能不全时抗菌药物的选用原则   ①有明确指征时方可使用;   ②根据感染的严重程度、病原菌种类及药敏试验结果等选用无肾毒性

肾脏是大部分抗菌药物及其代谢产物的主要排泄器官,在肾功能不全时容易导致这些药物在体内积聚以致发生毒性反应,尤其是肾毒性抗菌药物。因此,肾功能不全患者应用抗菌药物时,不能按常规用量给予,必须根据肾功能损害程度调整给药方案。
 
一、肾功能不全时抗菌药物的选用原则
 

①有明确指征时方可使用;
 
②根据感染的严重程度、病原菌种类及药敏试验结果等选用无肾毒性或肾毒性低的有效品种;
 
③避免长时间应用有肾毒性的抗菌药物;
 
④避免与其他肾毒性药物联合应用;
 
⑤密切观察药物的临床疗效及毒性反应;
 
⑥尽可能测定药物(特别是具有肾毒性的抗菌药)的血浆药物浓度,以调整用药剂量。 
 
二、肾功能不全时抗菌药物的选择
 
选择抗菌药物可依据肾功能减退时药物在体内过程(吸收、分布、代谢、排泄)的改变以及对肾脏的毒性大小来决定,一般分为四组:
 
①可应用:按原治疗量或略减:

此类抗菌药物主要是由肝胆系统排泄或由肝脏代谢,或经肾脏和肝胆系统同时(双通道)排泄。包括大环内酯类(红霉素、罗红霉素、阿奇霉素等);多西环素;克林霉素;阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾、哌拉西林/舒巴坦;头孢曲松、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦;硝基咪唑类(甲硝唑、替硝唑、奥硝唑);夫西地酸、利奈唑胺等。
 
②可应用:治疗剂量需适当调整:

此类抗菌药物主要经肾脏排泄,药物本身并无肾毒性,或仅有轻度肾毒性。包括青霉素和头孢菌素类的大多数品种,如青霉素、头孢唑啉、头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶、头孢地尼、头孢泊肟、头孢吡肟等;氨曲南;头孢西丁;亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南;氟康唑;左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星等。
 
③尽量避免使用:确有应用指征者调整给药方案(慎用):

此类抗菌药物有明显肾毒性,且主要经肾脏排泄,在肾功能不全时,其体内积聚明显增加,如确有指征使用该类药物时,需进行治疗药物监测(TMD),调整治疗方案,达到个体化给药;也可按照肾功能减退程度(以内生肌酐清除率为准)减量给药,疗程中需严密监测患者肾功能。包括磺苄西林;头孢替唑;氨基糖苷类,如庆大霉素、依替米星等;万古霉素、去甲万古霉素等。
 
④肾功能损害者忌用:

此组包括四环素类(多西环素除外),呋喃妥因、特比萘芬、头孢噻啶等。四环素、土霉素的应用可加重氮融血症;呋喃类和萘啶酸可在体内明显积聚,导致神经系统毒性反应。 
 
三、肾功能不全者给药方案的调整
 
当肾功能不全者必须使用主要经肾脏排泄并具有明显的肾毒性药物时,应按肾功能损害程度严格调整剂量,有条件的可作血药浓度监测,实现个体化给药。剂量调整通常以减量法、延长给药间隔和两者结合三种方式调整给药方案。减量法即将每次剂量减少,而用药间隔不变,该法的血药浓度波动幅度较小。延长给药间隔即每次给药剂量不变,但间隔延长,血药浓度波动大,可能影响疗效。


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    2018-03-19 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了.谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2018-03-11 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了.谢谢作者分析!

    0

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    2016-10-22 yese
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297720, encodeId=fb5d29e72055, content=学习了.谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Mar 19 11:46:08 CST 2018, time=2018-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=295026, encodeId=fd73295026dd, content=学习了.谢谢作者分析!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Mar 11 01:53:16 CST 2018, time=2018-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1850572, encodeId=77a418505e263, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=46c682469e4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82469, encryptionId=46c682469e4, topicName=肾功能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28d456, createdName=yese, createdTime=Sat Oct 22 06:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1285004, encodeId=8f0a1285004ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=db45824e11f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能不全#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82471, encryptionId=db45824e11f, topicName=肾功能不全)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b79433, createdName=jiangjun073, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330527, encodeId=5996133052ed0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6b455688d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55688, encryptionId=c6b455688d1, topicName=抗菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/2898B09F0DA89357D0D54A725E611AC7/100, createdBy=fdd32500040, createdName=ms7899726347904398, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1372991, encodeId=7d0d13e2991af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb2555e176c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67269, encodeId=14046e2691c, content=很好,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Mar 05 09:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297720, encodeId=fb5d29e72055, content=学习了.谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Mar 19 11:46:08 CST 2018, time=2018-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=295026, encodeId=fd73295026dd, content=学习了.谢谢作者分析!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Mar 11 01:53:16 CST 2018, time=2018-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1850572, encodeId=77a418505e263, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=46c682469e4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82469, encryptionId=46c682469e4, topicName=肾功能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28d456, createdName=yese, createdTime=Sat Oct 22 06:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1285004, encodeId=8f0a1285004ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=db45824e11f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能不全#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82471, encryptionId=db45824e11f, topicName=肾功能不全)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b79433, createdName=jiangjun073, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330527, encodeId=5996133052ed0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6b455688d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55688, encryptionId=c6b455688d1, topicName=抗菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/2898B09F0DA89357D0D54A725E611AC7/100, createdBy=fdd32500040, createdName=ms7899726347904398, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1372991, encodeId=7d0d13e2991af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb2555e176c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67269, encodeId=14046e2691c, content=很好,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Mar 05 09:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297720, encodeId=fb5d29e72055, content=学习了.谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Mar 19 11:46:08 CST 2018, time=2018-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=295026, encodeId=fd73295026dd, content=学习了.谢谢作者分析!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Mar 11 01:53:16 CST 2018, time=2018-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1850572, encodeId=77a418505e263, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=46c682469e4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82469, encryptionId=46c682469e4, topicName=肾功能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28d456, createdName=yese, createdTime=Sat Oct 22 06:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1285004, encodeId=8f0a1285004ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=db45824e11f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能不全#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82471, encryptionId=db45824e11f, topicName=肾功能不全)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b79433, createdName=jiangjun073, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330527, encodeId=5996133052ed0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6b455688d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55688, encryptionId=c6b455688d1, topicName=抗菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/2898B09F0DA89357D0D54A725E611AC7/100, createdBy=fdd32500040, createdName=ms7899726347904398, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1372991, encodeId=7d0d13e2991af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb2555e176c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67269, encodeId=14046e2691c, content=很好,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Mar 05 09:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-06 lhlxtx
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=297720, encodeId=fb5d29e72055, content=学习了.谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Mar 19 11:46:08 CST 2018, time=2018-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=295026, encodeId=fd73295026dd, content=学习了.谢谢作者分析!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Mar 11 01:53:16 CST 2018, time=2018-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1850572, encodeId=77a418505e263, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=46c682469e4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82469, encryptionId=46c682469e4, topicName=肾功能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28d456, createdName=yese, createdTime=Sat Oct 22 06:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1285004, encodeId=8f0a1285004ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=db45824e11f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾功能不全#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82471, encryptionId=db45824e11f, topicName=肾功能不全)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b79433, createdName=jiangjun073, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330527, encodeId=5996133052ed0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6b455688d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55688, encryptionId=c6b455688d1, topicName=抗菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/2898B09F0DA89357D0D54A725E611AC7/100, createdBy=fdd32500040, createdName=ms7899726347904398, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1372991, encodeId=7d0d13e2991af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb2555e176c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗菌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55717, encryptionId=eb2555e176c, topicName=抗菌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 07:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67269, encodeId=14046e2691c, content=很好,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Mar 05 09:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-05 忠诚向上

    很好,谢谢

    0

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