Nature子刊:肿瘤逃逸?阻止其分泌类固醇或可延缓肿瘤生长

2020-08-05 转化医学网 转化医学网

早前的研究已经表明,肿瘤可以通过使免疫细胞产生免疫抑制类固醇来逃避免疫系统。近日,来自剑桥大学韦康桑格研究所(Wellcome Sanger Institute)病理科和MRC癌症部门的研究人员发现,

早前的研究已经表明,肿瘤可以通过使免疫细胞产生免疫抑制类固醇来逃避免疫系统。近日,来自剑桥大学韦康桑格研究所(Wellcome Sanger Institute)病理科和MRC癌症部门的研究人员发现,来自小鼠皮肤和乳腺肿瘤的免疫T细胞分泌类固醇,而阻止这种类固醇的产生可以减慢小鼠肿瘤的生长。
  研究发现,无论是去除一个关键的类固醇生成基因,还是用药物将其关闭,都能显著减缓癌症的形成或进展,这种类固醇信号通路是开发新型癌症免疫疗法的潜在药物靶点。

  该研究发表在《自然通讯》杂志上,题目为“Tumors induce de novo steroid biosynthesis in T cells to evade immunity”。

  免疫系统极其复杂。当免疫细胞保护身体免受肿瘤和感染时,体内产生的一些化学物质会抑制免疫系统。这使得身体对抗肿瘤变得更加困难,而恢复免疫系统活性的癌症免疫疗法是迫切需要的。
  之前的一项研究表明,一些被称为T细胞的免疫细胞在感染过后会产生类固醇,从而将它们的活性再次降低到低水平。研究人员想要找出肿瘤T细胞是否也能以同样的方式表现。

  研究小组在小鼠身上测试了黑色素瘤和乳腺肿瘤的T细胞,使用单细胞RNA测序来查看每个细胞中到底哪些基因被激活了。研究人员发现,来自肿瘤的T细胞确实会产生类固醇,这可能会降低它们对抗肿瘤的效力。

  图解摘要
  来自剑桥大学(University of Cambridge)和韦康桑格研究所的首席作者比迪什·马哈塔(Bidesh Mahata)博士表示,“我们第一次看到,老鼠的肿瘤T细胞可以产生免疫抑制类固醇,而健康老鼠的T细胞不会。看来,肿瘤可能会指示它们的T细胞产生类固醇,然后让肿瘤避开免疫系统,继续生长。这是一个令人兴奋的发现,因为这意味着可能有一种方法可以再次停止类固醇的生产来治疗癌症。”

  为了测试关闭类固醇的产生,研究人员对T细胞中缺失一个关键类固醇合成基因cyp11a1的小鼠进行了研究。他们发现,尽管正常野生型小鼠的肿瘤发展迅速,但敲除小鼠的肿瘤生长受到抑制,所有肿瘤都小得多,生长速度也慢得多。他们还发现,一种抑制Cyp11a1蛋白活性的药物氨鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)也能减少正常小鼠体内的肿瘤。

  肿瘤在小鼠体内诱导T细胞表达Cyp11a1

  

细胞瘤内Cyp11a1+ T细胞在scRNAseq中的基因表达鉴定

来自剑桥医学研究委员会癌症部门的Jacqui Shields博士说:“使用小鼠模型,我们证实了,阻止T细胞产生类固醇对肿瘤的生长有很大的影响,显著地降低了肿瘤的生长。不管是去除关键基因,还是用药物阻止其发挥作用,都会刺激抗肿瘤免疫。这表明类固醇生成途径在设计癌症免疫疗法的药物靶点方面可能是一个真正的竞争者,能够帮助治疗癌症患者。”

  T细胞类固醇形成的消融抑制了实验肿瘤的生长和转移

来自韦尔科姆桑格研究所的资深作者萨拉·泰奇曼(Sarah Teichmann)博士表示,“这项研究可能为癌症免疫治疗的新希望铺平道路。虽然这些结果来自小鼠,但来自人类组织的初步数据表明,同样的肿瘤防御也可能发生在人类身上,现在需要进一步的研究来证明人类癌症的直接证据。如果这一点得到证实,未来就有可能以这种免疫抑制途径为目标,创造新的治疗方法来重新启动免疫系统,并帮助拯救生命。”

  参考:

【1】https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-immune-cell-steroids-tumours-suppress.html

【2】https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17339-6

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