elife:改写教科书!科学家发现大脑中血管“与众不同”

2017-05-15 佚名 生物探索

近日发表在eLife杂志上的一项研究又要改写教科书了。研究发现,脑干中的某些血管与身体其它部分的血管有着“相反”的行为:当二氧化碳水平上升时,这些“与众不同”的血管作出的反应是收缩,而不是扩张。

Endothelial cells lining the vessel are purple, red blood cells are red, and neurons are green. Astrocytes are not identified in this image, but would be amongst the greyed background cells.

近日,发表在eLife杂志上题为“Purinergic regulation of vascular tone in the retrotrapezoid nucleus is specialized to support the drive to breathe”的研究发现,当身体其它部位的血管扩张时,脑干中的某些血管却在收缩。正是这些血管“相反”的行为使我们保持呼吸。

一个多世纪以来,医生和科学家们已经知道,当细胞的废物(如二氧化碳)积累起来,血管就会扩张。血管扩张使得新鲜的血液能够流通,带来氧气,并冲走酸性的二氧化碳。这一认知被认为在整个身体中都是正确的,并且是本科生理课程的标准教条。

一天,在给本科生教学时,康涅狄格大学的生理学家、该研究的共同通讯作者Dan Mulkey突然意识到,对脑干的某个部分来说,这种认知可能并不正确

Mulkey致力于研究脑干中控制呼吸中的一个小区域——Retrotrapezoid Nucleus (RTN)。过去的研究表明,RTN神经元通过刺激肺部呼吸对血液中升高的二氧化碳水平做出响应。。

如果RTN处的血管像身体其它部分的血管一样,在二氧化碳水平升高时发生扩张,它会冲走所有重要的信号,阻止RNT处的细胞发挥它们的作用——驱动我们呼吸。

基于这些考虑,Mulkey及其研究小组开始调查脑干切片中的血管是如何响应二氧化碳的。结果确实如他们所料:当二氧化碳水平上升时,RTN的血管会收缩。此外,研究发现,皮质(大脑中褶皱的顶部)切片的血管在二氧化碳水平升高的情况下是扩张的,就像身体的其它部分一样。

那么,RTN中的血管是如何知道要“与众不同”的呢?Mulkey猜测,这可能与RTN中的星形胶质细胞有关。星形胶质细胞可能释放了ATP。细胞能够利用这一小分子来相互传递信号。从而,这些反应导致了RTN血管收缩。

后续研究表明,上述假设是正确的。RTN中的星形胶质细胞与身体其它部位的星形胶质细胞行为不同。当这些脑干星形胶质细胞检测到高浓度的二氧化碳时,它们会释放ATP,发信号给神经元和血管。

当研究人员人工诱导星形胶质细胞释放ATP时,他们得到了相同的结果。同时,将RTN血管直接“泡”在ATP中也能导致它们收缩。此外,阻断ATP受体抑制了血管响应二氧化碳的能力。最后,当研究组在活体动物中进行实验时,他们也得到了相同的结果。

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    2018-04-24 clmlylxy
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    2018-01-04 膀胱癌
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    2017-05-19 lou.minghong

    学习

    0

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    2017-05-18 杨利洪

    学习了,值得期待

    0

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    2017-05-16 flyingzyx

    新的发现

    0

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    2017-05-16 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    学习)了,感谢分享,

    0

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    2017-05-15 阿吴

    新发现

    0

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