Nature Chemical Biology:一种无需免疫细胞的癌症免疫疗法

2017-11-14 小通 生物通

一组研究人员将两种干细胞系设计成“合成T细胞”,可以用于在体外摧毁乳腺癌细胞。


一组研究人员将两种干细胞系设计成“合成T细胞”,可以用于在体外摧毁乳腺癌细胞。



设计细胞靶向靶标细胞的概念图

T细胞是免疫系统的主要武器,它们能检测到身体中感染了病毒的细胞,并启动对抗措施,有效杀死病毒。然而,由于T细胞无法将癌细胞识别为外来细胞,因此不能发挥作用消灭它们。而在嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞治疗中,可以通过修饰设计免疫细胞来识别和杀死癌细胞,但这也有可能给患者带来并发症,比如细胞因子释放综合征(cytokine-release syndrome),这是一种免疫系统的过度反应,可以引起像发烧一样的轻微症状,也会引起类似器官功能障碍和死亡的严重症状。

为此,来自苏黎世联邦理工学院(ETH)生物系统科学和工程系的一组研究人员提出了一种创新的简化方法,用于生产治疗癌症的有效合成设计细胞,这些免疫细胞经过工程设计包含有更多的功能,能追捕和杀死癌细胞。研究人员将三个新组分加入到人肾细胞干细胞和(脂肪)干细胞中,将其转化为模拟T细胞的合成设计细胞。

这一研究成果公布在11月13日的Nature Chemical Biology杂志上,由苏黎世联邦理工学院合成生物学大师Martin Fussenegger教授领导完成,他的研究组曾设计发表人造胰岛β细胞研究的重大突破。

英国牛津大学的生物学家Simon Davis(未参与这项研究)点评道:“我们进入了细胞疗法的新时代,这是第一项将治疗延展到淋巴细胞本身的成果。他们将一种被动的非免疫细胞转变为乳腺癌细胞的接触依赖性杀手”。

全新合成设计T细胞

典型的免疫疗法是通过利用免疫系统来起作用。例如,在CAR-T细胞疗法中,患者注入自身T细胞(经过修饰,可以识别癌细胞表面上的特定蛋白质),治疗癌症。Fussenegger表示,“但是如果你通过重新编程免疫细胞来杀死癌症,可能会有一些副作用。”

为了利用其它细胞类型设计出更好疗效的T细胞,Fussenegger等人在一种来自人胚胎肾细胞的常见细胞系:HEK-293T细胞,和人间充质干细胞中构建了癌症检测传感器。这种传感器分为两部分:一部分从细胞膜中伸出,像天线一样,抑制内源性信号途径;另一部分由两个受体组成,当它们感应到另一个细胞表明的特殊蛋白时,就能激活上述的信号途径。也就是说,当受体接触到具有它们能识别抗原的癌细胞时,“这种相互作用就会令‘天线’后置,从而合成T细胞和靶标细胞之间的界面上不会有‘天线’”,Fussenegger解释道。

这种移位会引发了一系列反应,导致一些内源性和Fussenegger等人设计的细胞系发生变化,最终造成一种药物活化酶的释放。这种酶再被运到邻近的细胞,将前药(prodrug)转化为活性形式,杀死细胞(见下图)。



HEK-293T传感细胞与表达HER2(红色,左下)的HEK细胞的相互作用。品红色(左上)显示了天线样膜蛋白的定位,它与细胞-细胞界面分离。青色(右上)显示的是一种抗原识别蛋白的定位。这种蛋白质在细胞-细胞界面积累。右下图显示的是三幅成像图的融合。

“爆炸”

Fussenegger说:“我喜欢把它比作爆炸,爆炸过程可能会杀死人造T细胞,其他一些细胞,但主要是癌细胞。因此,无论何时合成T细胞完成了它的功效,都会触发的靶向识别细胞的有针对性的杀死,这一爆炸也会杀死周围环境中的所有其他细胞。这是一个非常有针对性,且局部化的效应。”

前体活性物质需要从外部添加到体系中。癌细胞吸收了这种物质,转换模块将其从非活性状态转换为活性状态。当癌细胞爆炸时,活性物质被释放,也会催婚合成T细胞周围“死亡区”中的其它肿瘤细胞。 Fussenegger教授解释说:“这种旁观者效应使我们的合成T细胞更加有效。”

“这在人体细胞行为工程和编程方面,都是前沿尖端技术。这一研究扩大了我们重新编程细胞的工具包,”威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的生物医学工程师Krishanu Saha(未参与该项研究)点评道,“这项研究中的所有工作都是在实验室中进行的,因此说在动物体内是否有效或者有更好的结果,还需要进一步研究。”

Fussenegger同样也认为下一步应该将该系统放到啮齿动物模型中进行实验,如果能成功的话,就可以进入临床前和临床试验阶段。他说,这种策略的优势在于能够组装针对特定疾病组件的灵活性。“我们在这里选择了乳腺癌,但是也可以针对另一个癌症或者其他我们需要杀死的细胞。”

Davis认为,“我认为这一系统唯一的限制就是它依赖于表达必要(途径成分)的非免疫细胞,虽然这些成分也可以‘嵌入’到细胞系中。另外一个更重要的问题是免疫系统的配置方式,免疫细胞比非免疫细胞更有可能寻找肿瘤,所以这作为一种治疗手段是否有效,还并不清楚。不过就合成生物学来说,这是一个好东西。”

原文标题

Nonimmune cells equipped with t-cell-receptor-like signaling for cancer cell ablation

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    2018-04-25 一叶知秋
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    2018-08-05 stfoxst
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    2018-01-28 sunylz
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    2017-11-16 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习学习

    0

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    2017-11-15 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了

    0

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    2017-11-15 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

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细菌对癌症免疫疗法有着积极的推动作用?哈罗德西蒙斯综合癌症中心的研究人员在一项研究中发现,某些类型的肠道微生物对癌症的免疫疗法有着积极的作用,此次研究对象为转移性黑色素瘤患者。在过去的40年里,黑色素瘤的患病率不断攀升,在过去的六年里,免疫疗法虽然能够显著提高转移性黑色素瘤患者的治疗前景,但只有一半的患者可以进入缓解期。

葡萄膜黑色素瘤挽救生命和眼睛的新疗法

以往,患上葡萄膜黑色素瘤不仅意味着会失去生命,即使幸运的话,也会失去眼睛。然而,随着如今癌症治疗方法的进步,葡萄膜黑色素瘤也迎来了曙光。9月14日,美国著名Medscape医学新闻网发表了一个评论,对葡萄膜黑色素瘤的最新研究进展进行了点评。

Nat Immunol:特定免疫细胞活性能够限制免疫疗法的效果

最近,研究者们发现了一类关键免疫细胞的特殊功能,或许能够解释癌症免疫疗法的局限性。

Sci Immun:癌症免疫疗法,也可以作为一种疫苗,是肿瘤治愈的希望

研究人员已经开发出一种黑色素增强的癌症免疫疗法技术,也可以作为一种疫苗,基于早期在小鼠模型中做的实验。该技术通过透皮贴剂施用。

治疗肺癌,到底什么样的免疫疗法有效?

现在要谈癌症治疗,必然离不开的话题就是免疫疗法。