“心房衰竭”,被忽视的重要问题!现代心脏病学教父在JACC刊文推出新概念

2020-01-19 卢芳 文韬 中国循环杂志

自从50多年前左心房生理功能被描述出来后,左心房一直是被临床忽视的角落。近日,为加强对心房功能的认识,包括现代心脏病学教父之称的Eugene Braunwald在内的多位学者在JACC一篇文章中提出了“心房衰竭(atrial failure)”这一新概念。作者将心房衰竭定义为,在无明显瓣膜及心室异常的情况下,由于解剖、机械、电生理和(或)流变学(包括血液稳态)异常,引起了心房功能障碍,并造成心功能

自从50多年前左心房生理功能被描述出来后,左心房一直是被临床忽视的角落。

近日,为加强对心房功能的认识,包括现代心脏病学教父之称的Eugene Braunwald在内的多位学者在JACC一篇文章中提出了“心房衰竭(atrial failure)”这一新概念。

作者将心房衰竭定义为,在无明显瓣膜及心室异常的情况下,由于解剖、机械、电生理和(或)流变学(包括血液稳态)异常,引起了心房功能障碍,并造成心功能不全,引发临床症状,生活质量下降,影响寿命。

比如心房纤维化和球形变型导致孤立性房颤,以及房室收缩不同步,导致左心室充盈异常和症状。

但作者也指出,未来针对心房衰竭的定义以及相关术语,还可以一步完善以更为准确。

之前也有人提出过心房心肌病,是指与机械和(或)电学功能障碍有关的心肌疾病,通常(但并非总是)表现为由多种原因引起的不适当的心房纤维化,肥大或扩张。

心房重构则为心房肌细胞对电、机械或代谢原因(主要是快速的房性快速性心律失常,或压力和容量超负荷)的反应,导致左房大小,功能或电生理特性的持续变化。

总之,作者认为,应该重新评估心房功能障碍的作用,明确标志物、疾病进展因素、转归或病因等。

心房衰竭有三原因

“……心房跳动时,用剪刀剪开个小口,血流则从破口处随心房跳动而流出。因此,血液流入心室,并不依赖于依赖心脏舒张,而是通过靠左房收缩。”

在1628年,生理学之父威廉?哈维曾这样描述过左心房。

左心房的生理功能会影响左室充盈、心室收缩和舒张以及整个心脏的功能,房室同步也非常重要。

影响整个生理过程的原因均可能引起心房衰竭,其中主要包括电不同步、辅助泵功能受损、存储功能失调以及管道功能受损三个方面(表1)。

表1 心房衰竭的原因和诱因

A 电不同步

(1)房室不同步:左束支阻滞、一级房室阻滞、起搏器编程欠佳;

(2)心房不同步:严重房间阻滞、房内传导慢

B 辅助泵和储存功能受损

(1)快速或紊乱的房性心律失常:房颤、局灶性/折返性房性心动过速;

(2)广泛的心房纤维化:严重心房重构、消融后大量瘢痕形成、心房心肌梗死、心房心肌病;

C管道功能受损

(1)严重心房扩张;

(2)心房球型变形;

(3)跨瓣压差异常;

心房衰竭和心力衰竭是两码事

作者认为,心房衰竭独立于心力衰竭。

即使左心室功能正常,心房病变或功能障碍,也会影响心脏的整体功能,并触发心力衰竭、脑卒中及心律失常。

当血流动力学改变,左心室充盈不足、房颤所致心房衰竭,将导致肺高压、心衰以及增加血栓的形成;而心房衰竭则会促使患者新发房颤,使得心房衰竭进一步持续恶化。

此外,心房衰竭或也会激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统和交感神经神经系统,从而进一步损害心房功能。

射血分数保留心衰或与左心房衰竭有关

这里值得一提的是,重新认识心房功能障碍,也使得过去一些认识有所变化。

近期有研究显示,左心房功能障碍和重构,在健康无症状人群中独立于心力衰竭而发生。也就说某种意义上,射血分数保留的心力衰竭或是左心房衰竭的后果。

再如脑卒中的发生,则认为是与心房疾病有关的因素,促进了血栓形成,进而增加了脑卒中风险,而非仅与房颤相关。

诊断策略和干预

文中指出,在排除其他心脏病或心外疾病的情况下,左心房存在结构、功能或电生理异常且存在一定程度症状的患者,需要考虑心房衰竭。

影像学检查是明确左心房功能,评估心房纤维化及血流模式的重要手段。

此外,一些生物标志物也是新兴的诊断和预后工具,具有良好的预测缺血和出血风险的性能(如高敏心肌肌钙蛋白T、N末端B型利钠肽原、生长及分化因子)以及判断纤维化负荷或房颤消融的成功(microRNA miR-21)。

心房电压异常或有助于预测心肌纤维化、左心房功能受损以及脑卒中风险。

文中指出,建立心房衰竭的适宜诊断标准还需要达成广泛共识

来源:Felipe Bisbal, Adrian Baranchuk, Eugene Braunwald, et al. Atrial Failure as a Clinical Entity. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75: 222-232.

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    2020-10-15 苏小雨

    学习了,非常棒

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    2020-06-18 hbwxf
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    2020-01-21 sodoo